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Geography > Shaping places - Regenerating places - How successful is regeneration? > Flashcards

Shaping places - Regenerating places - How successful is regeneration? Flashcards

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1
Q

What indicators can be used to measure the success of regeneration?

A

Economic, demographic, social and environmental indicators can be used to measure the success of regeneration.

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2
Q

What should regenerated areas show signs of if regeneration has been successful?

A

Regenerated areas should show signs of improved economic performance and quality of life if regeneration has been successful.

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3
Q

What is a key indicator of success?

A

A key indicator of success is population change.

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4
Q

What does demographic growth indicate?

A

Demographic growth indicates that areas are popular and people are moving in.

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5
Q

What is demographic growth?

A

Demographic growth is the technical term for population total numbers and structure (age groups and male versus female balance).

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6
Q

How much did Liverpool’s population decline by between 1961 and 2001?

A

Its population declined from 683,000 in 1961 to 439,000 in 2001.

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7
Q

What happened to Liverpool’s population according to the 2011 Census?

A

The 2011 Census showed an increase to 466,000 - the first growth in 50 years. This alone suggests Liverpool’s long period of regeneration since 1980 has finally paid off.

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8
Q

What happened to the population of an area on the River Tyne quayside in Newcastle (called Ouseburn) between 2001 and 2011?

A

Between 2001 and 2011:

  • The working population aged 25-64 increased, suggesting that people are moving into new apartments and houses.
  • The 70+ population declined, which could indicate that older residents are being pushed out by regeneration.
  • There was a huge increase in the 15-24-year-old population, because much of the most recent regeneration has involved new student accommodation, i.e. studentification.
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9
Q

When does studentification happen?

A

Studentification happens when an area becomes popular with students, and it can lead to dramatic changes in the age profile of an area as student accommodation increases.

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10
Q

Why are areas populated with students not necessarily welcomed by all?

A

Areas populated with students are not necessarily welcomed by all, due to noise issues, the transient nature of the population and the fact that students tend to be up all night!

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11
Q

What is the name for the process when an area’s population changes as a result of college and university students moving in?

A

Studentification

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12
Q

According to deprivation levels from the IMD in 2004 and 2015, how have areas along Newcastle’s quayside improved compared to areas to the east and west?

A
  • Areas along the quayside have improved, moving out of the 10% most deprived and 10-20% most deprived categories and into the 20-50% range.
  • Areas to the east and west remain in the 10% most deprived category.

These data suggest successful regeneration, but also suggest greater inequality between the now regenerated areas and areas close by that have seen no regeneration.

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13
Q

How has Liverpool been successful in its regeneration?

A

After the city was European Capital of Culture in 2008, 85% of residents felt the city was a better place to live. Merseyside Development Corporation created 22,000 jobs between 1981 and 1998 and attracted £700 million of private investment. Between 1998 and 2008 a further 25,000 jobs were created.

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14
Q

After Liverpool was European Capital of Culture in 2008, what percentage of residents felt the city was a better place to live?

A

After the city was European Capital of Culture in 2008, 85% of residents felt the city was a better place to live.

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15
Q

Although Newcastle and Liverpool have changes in numbers of employed and levels of deprivation, why are they relatively still worse than other places - what statistics show this?

A

Child poverty in Liverpool fell from 34.7% of children in 2006 to 32.5% in 2011, but the England average in 2011 was 20.1% and in Reading it was 17.8%.

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16
Q

What did a report in 2013 by the Work Foundation look at?

A

A report in 2013 by the Work Foundation looked at inequality in the UK based on differences in wages:

  • The top five most unequal cities were London, Reading & Bracknell, Portsmouth, Guildford and Aberdeen.
  • The top five most equal cities were Bradford, Plymouth, Barnsley, Stoke and Burnley.

Overall, northern deindustrialised cities were much more equal than their more successful southern counterparts, because most people are poor.

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17
Q

According to a report in 2013 by the Work Foundation, which was the five most unequal cities?

A

The top five most unequal cities were London, Reading & Bracknell, Portsmouth, Guildford and Aberdeen.

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18
Q

According to a report in 2013 by the Work Foundation, which was the five most equal cities?

A

The top five most equal cities were Bradford, Plymouth, Barnsley, Stoke and Burnley.

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19
Q

What is social progress?

A

Social progress means how a community improves its quality of life, health and welfare over time.

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20
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29
Q

What changes have there been to social progress data in Greater Manchester?

A
  • All three areas have improved overall, especially improved health measured by falling infant mortality and better education measured by the percentage with no qualifications.
  • Manchester is the only area with more full-time employees and it has the best improvements in qualifications and infant mortality.
  • Salford has experienced the least progress.

There is some evidence that Manchester has made most progress relative to the other two areas. This is confirmed by the 22% increase in Manchester’s population 2001-14 compared to only 11% of Salford and Trafford.

30
Q

What was the percentage increase in Manchester’s population 2010-14 compared to in Salford and Trafford?

A

22% increase in Manchester’s population 2001-14 compared to only 11% in Salford and Trafford

31
Q

How does regeneration often attempt to improve environmental quality?

A

Regeneration often attempts to improve environmental quality by:

  • Redeveloping derelict land and buildings, and removing contaminants from former industrial sites.
  • Creating pedestrianised zones, introducing traffic calming and making streets more friendly for people.
  • Creating new parks and green spaces, planting trees and creating lakes and wetlands.
  • Putting in place new street furniture, pavements and lighting to improve the design of areas.
  • Regenerating housing with double-glazing and insulation to reduce indoor noise, damp problems and lower energy costs.
32
Q

What is contamination?

A

Contamination refers to chemical and dangerous organic substances in the ground, which are a legacy of previous industrial use.

33
Q

What are the aims of regeneration in improving environmental quality?

A
  • To reduce air pollution levels; this, in turn, improves people’s health.
  • To create spaces for people to walk, play and play sport, which in turn could lead to healthier, more active lifestyles.
  • To make urban environments safer, especially for children, pedestrians and cyclists.
  • To improve living conditions so people live in warm, dry, secure homes.
34
Q

What does the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) include as part of the Living Environment Deprivation domain?

A

The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) includes both indoor and outdoor environmental quality as part of the Living Environmental Deprivation domain.

35
Q

What aspect of people’s wellbeing does outdoor air pollution effect in a negative way?

A

Health

36
Q

Why is the 2012 London Olympics in Stratford, east London a good example of environmental improvement?

A

The 2012 London Olympics in Stratford, east London is a good example of environmental improvement, much of which occurred during the construction phase across an area of 350 hectares of abandoned and derelict land and is less ‘obvious’ than the new sports facilities:

  • 100 hectares of new greenspace was created with 4000 trees after 600,000 tonnes of soil had been cleaned of contaminants like arsenic, bitumen and ammonia.
  • 3 km of rivers and canals were cleaned and in many cases, replanted.
  • 230,000 cubic metres of contaminated groundwater was removed and cleaned.

Most of the accommodation for athletes eventually became new homes for 2800 people, who live in a much cleaner environment than before the 2012 Olympics. In addition improvements in rail, bus routes and cycle routes improved transport in the area, potentially reducing air pollution.

37
Q

Why do different stakeholders have very different views about urban and rural regeneration?

A

Different stakeholders have very different views of this because they use different criteria to judge success.

38
Q

What are stakeholders?

A

Stakeholders are any groups or individuals involved in, or interested in regeneration. They range from residents, environmentalists and businesses to local councils and planners.

39
Q

What is one example of a regeneration scheme that has had a questionable impact on local people?

A

Some regeneration schemes have a questionable impact on local people. A good example is Salford Quays in Greater Manchester.

40
Q

What are criteria?

A

Criteria are the standards or measure people use to judge whether or not something is a success.

41
Q

What is an example of a regeneration scheme that has had a questionable impact on local people?

A

Some regeneration schemes have a questionable impact on local people. A good example is Salford Quays in Greater Manchester. Once a thriving industrial port, by the 1980s the place was derelict and abandoned.

42
Q

How has Salford’s Docklands been regenerated?

A

Salford Quays Development Plan
1985-1990: about 90 hectares of former industrial land were developed by Salford City Council and private investors.

Landmark buildings

2000: The Lowry theatre and gallery opened.
2001: The Imperial War Museum north opened

MediaCity UK
2007-2011: developed by the property company Peel Holdings and housing the BBC and ITV Granada among other media businesses.

43
Q

In 2016 how much were apartments in NV Buildings, a development built in 2004, on sale for?

A

In 2016 apartments in NV Buildings, a development built in 2004, were on sale for up to £825,000 - hardly for local people.

44
Q

What other aspects of Salford’s regeneration can also be questioned?

A

Other aspects of Salford’s regeneration can also be questioned.

  • In one recent Salford Quays apartment development, called the Dock Office, 50% were sold to local people but 25% to Chinese investors and 25% to UK residents living overseas.
  • In 2012 it was reported that only 24 of the 680 new jobs at the BBC in Salford had gone to local people.
  • In 2013 local historians and local people were upset when two iconic industrial quayside cranes were demolished - one of the last icons of Salford’s past importance as an inland port.
  • ‘Salford Quays’ as an area is now called is actually a made-up name - the historical name is Salford Docklands - but this sounded too industrial when regeneration began in the 1980s.
45
Q

In one recent Salford Quays apartment development, called the Dock Office, what percentage of apartments were sold to local people?

A

50%

46
Q

In one recent Salford Quays apartment development, called the Dock Office, what percentage of apartments were sold to Chinese investors?

A

25%

47
Q

In one recent Salford Quays apartment development, called the Dock Office, what percentage of apartments were sold to UK residents living overseas?

A

25%

48
Q

In the regeneration of Salford’s Docklands, how many of the 680 new jobs at the BBC in Salford had gone to local people?

A

In 2012 it was reported that only 24 of the 680 new jobs at the BBC in Salford had gone to local people.

49
Q

In the regeneration of Salford’s Docklands, why were local historians and local people upset in 2013?

A

In 2013 local historians and local people were upset when two iconic industrial quayside cranes were demolished - one of the last icons of Salford’s past importance as an inland port.

50
Q

What is the historical name for ‘Salford Quays’?

A

‘Salford Quays’ as the area is now called is actually a made-up name - the historical name is Salford Docklands - but this sounded too industrial when regeneration began in the 1980s.

51
Q

How many viewpoints can Salford Quays be seen from?

A 
Local council
Existing residents
Property developers
Local businesses
National government
52
Q

What are the desired outcomes of local council in regeneration and how can this be measured?

A

Desired outcomes
External image is important to attract investment, so landmark buildings and interesting architecture are important, but so are reduced deprivation levels.

Measured by:

  • Job creation numbers
  • Area of vacant/derelict land brought back into use
  • IMD data trends
53
Q

What are the desired outcomes of existing residents in regeneration and how can this be measured?

A

Desired outcomes
Better housing, community facilities and job opportunities plus an improved environment.
Hard-to-measure factors such as ‘community spirit’ may be important.

Measured by:

  • Rising incomes
  • Improved health and life expectancy
  • Increased access to services
54
Q

What are the desired outcomes of property developers in regeneration and how can this be measured?

A

Desired outcomes
Motivated by profit, so will maximise sales values and rental values.
Image is important to drive sales.

Measured by:

  • Profit versus investment ratios
  • Number of investors
  • Increase in land value
55
Q

What are the desired outcomes of local businesses in regeneration and how can this be measured?

A

Desired outcomes
Increased local population, especially of wealthier residents to boost trade and profits.

Measured by:

  • Rising population, especially the young
  • Hiring rates of new employees
56
Q

What are the desired outcomes of the national government in regeneration and how can this be measured?

A

Desired outcomes
Regeneration that fits in with the national priorities such as the Northern Powerhouse, plus reduced dependency on benefits.

Measured by:

  • Reduced out-migration
  • Increases in regional output/GVA
57
Q

What is the ‘Northern Powerhouse’?

A

The ‘Northern Powerhouse’ was a government policy to increase the economic power and significance of northern cities, especially Greater Manchester.

58
Q

Why is Doncaster’s Earth Centre an example of where regeneration has not been successful?

A

Doncaster’s Earth Centre is an example. Opened in 1999, it was built on the 160-hectare former coal mine site of Cadeby Main Colliery near Denaby. The derelict land was reclaimed and an attraction focused on sustainable lifestyles as part of a ‘green theme park’ was built on a grant of £42 million from the Millennium Commission (National Lottery money). It closed in 2004 due to low visitor numbers. Around 75 employees lost their jobs because it attracted only 37,000 of the 150,000 visitors needed per year to make it viable. There are a number of possible reasons for this failure:

59
Q

Opened in 1999, what was Doncaster’s Earth Centre built on?

A

Opened in 1999, it was built on the 160-hectare former coal mine site of Cadeby Main Colliery near Denaby.

60
Q

What did the derelict land of the 160-hectare former coal mine site of Cadeby Main Colliery near Denaby reclaimed and made an attraction of?

A

The derelict land was reclaimed and an attraction focused on sustainable lifestyles as part of a ‘green theme park’ was built with a grant of £42 million from the Millennium Commission (National Lottery money).

61
Q

Why did Doncaster’s Earth Centre close in 2004?

A

It closed in 2004 due to low visitor numbers.

62
Q

How many employees lost their jobs as a result of Doncaster’s Earth Centre closing in 2004?

A

Around 75 employees lost their jobs.

63
Q

Why did employees lose their jobs due to Doncaster’s Earth Centre closing in 2004?

A

Around 75 employees lost their jobs because it attracted only 37,000 of the 150,000 visitors needed per year to make it viable.

64
Q

Why is Doncaster’s Earth Centre an example of where regeneration is not successful?

A
  • The location was not very accessibly, and the area is not well known for tourism.
  • Local people’s lived experience of the area was coal mining and its heritage, not ecological issues.
  • The reality of South Yorkshire is of an industrial and agriculture place, not an ‘environment’ or ‘ecological’ place.
  • Interpretive centres tend to lack the attractions (rides, etc.) that many families want.
65
Q

What does lived experience refer to?

A

Lived experience refers to people’s feelings about a place, what is important to them and what a place means to them. This is strongly related to place’s traditions, its community spirit and its history.

Geography (25 decks)

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