Shaping places - Regenerating places - How and why do places vary? Flashcards
What are the four economic sectors?
The four economic sectors are primary (farming, mining), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (retail services, office work) and quaternary (scientific research, ICT).
How have economic processes affected places over time?
In general:
- Rural areas have more primary employment in farming, mining, quarrying and fishing; this tends to be low paid, manual work.
- There is more secondary employment in northern cities such as Manchester, Sheffield and Glasgow, but this has declined over time.
- Tertiary, or service sector, jobs are concentrated in urban areas but these vary from cleaners on minimum wage to very high paid professionals like lawyers.
- Quaternary jobs in research and development and hi-tech industries are found in London and the South East.
Where is there more secondary employment in the UK?
There is more secondary employment in northern cities such as Manchester, Sheffield and Glasgow, but this has declined over time.
Where in the UK are tertiary, or service sector, jobs concentrated?
Tertiary, or service sector, jobs are concentrated in urban areas but these vary from cleaners on minimum wage to very high paid professionals like lawyers.
Where in the UK are quaternary jobs in research and development and hi-tech industries, found?
Quaternary jobs in research and development and hi-tech industries are found in London and the South East.
Which economic sector does someone working in a factory making mobile phones work in?
d
What percentage of people are employed in management (2015) in Reading compared to in Middlesbrough?
Reading
9.2
Middlesbrough
7.5
What percentage of people are professional (lawyers, doctors) (2015) in Reading compared to in Middlesbrough?
Reading
28.7
Middlesbrough
13.6
What percentage of people are employed in caring, leisure & other services (2015) in Reading compared to in Middlesbrough?
Reading
7.6
Middlesbrough
12.2
What percentage of people are employed in manual work (2015) in Reading compared to in Middlesbrough?
Reading
9.6
Middlesbrough
16.7
Why is Reading a more economically successful place than Middlesbrough?
In 2015 average hourly pay for a male worker in Middlesbrough was £12.50 and in full-time employment, a male worker could expect to earn £532 a week. In Reading the figures are £14.80 and £605.
In 2015, what was the average hourly pay for a male worker in Middlesbrough, compared to in Reading?
In 2015 the average hourly pay for a male worker in Middlesbrough was £12.50 and in full-time employment, a male worker could expect to earn £532 a week. In Reading the figures are £14.80 and £605.
In 2015, how much could a male worker expect to earn a week in full-time employment in Middlesbrough, compared to Reading?
In full-time employment, a male worker could expect to earn £532 a week. In Reading the figure is £605.
What percentage of people in Reading are economically active (working) compared to in Middlesbrough, where part-time work (which pays less) is much more common?
66% of people in Reading are economically active (working) compared to 54% in Middlesbrough, where part-time work (which pays less) is much more common.
Why is the Gross Value Added (GVA) for Reading and Middlesbrough very different?
Gross Value Added (GVA) for the two places is also very different being £34,000 per person in Reading and only £17,000 in Middlesbrough.
What is Gross Value Added (GVA)?
Gross Value Added (GVA) is a measure of economic output; it is the value of goods and services per person.
Why are the economic characteristics of Reading and Middlesbrough different?
The different economic characteristics of Reading and Middlesbrough have a number of causes including differences in education and pay:
- In 2014, 22.5% of people in Middlesbrough had no educational qualifications, versus 11.5% in Reading; 19% had a university-level qualification in Middlesbrough but the figure was 43% in Reading.
- Middlesbrough’s manual workers earn about £350 per week, whereas Reading’s professionals earn over £700.
In 2014, what percentage of people in Middlesbrough had no educational qualifications, compared to in Reading?
In 2014, 22.5% of people in Middlesbrough had no educational qualifications, versus 11.5% in Reading.
In 2014, what percentage of people in Middlesbrough had a university-level qualification, compared to in Reading?
19% had a university-level qualification in Middlesbrough but the figure was 43% in Reading.
How much do Middlesbrough’s manual workers earn per week compared to Reading’s?
Middlesbrough’s manual workers earn about £350 per week, whereas Reading’s professionals earn over £700.
What are the consequences of differences in the economic characteristics of Reading and Middlesbrough?
These differences have led to a number of consequences:
- Temporary, low paid and ‘zero-hours contract’ work is more common in Middlesbrough, meaning people have a lower job and income security.
- If you were a male born in Middlesbrough in 2014 you would be expected to live to age 77, but if you were born in Reading that figure is 81.
- In 2016 the annual uSwitch Quality of Life Index ranked Berkshire (where Reading is located) 6th out of 138 UK regions, but South Teesside (Middlesbrough) was ranked 129th.
- Health - measured by the percentage of long-term sick and disabled - is very high in Middlesbrough compared to Reading.
What is the difference in male life expectancy between Reading and Middlesbrough?
If you were a male born in Middlesbrough in 2014 you would be expected to live to age 77, but if you were born in Reading that figure is 81.