Shaping Places Flashcards
2012 olympic development
ECONOMIC -
-£13 billion injected into national economy,
SOCIAL
- 10,000 new homes
- However, the average cost is £250,000 making them unattainable
ENVIRONMENTAL
- 2.5km sq. of restored wetland
- New housing 0 carbon.
different regeneration strategies
SPORT - Olympic Park
REBRANDING - Salford MediaCity
INFRASTRUCTURE - Heathrow, HS2
RETAIL - Liverpool Waters
range of measures for regeneration success
Perceptions of success will vary from one group to another. E.g. old/young, business/person, local/national government
ECONOMIC
-Investment boosts, e.g. Glasgow The 8 year project from winning to hosting the Commonwealth Games event saw Scotland’s economy grow by £740 million, £390 million of which in Glasgow alone, supporting an average of 2,100 jobs.
SOCIAL
- Jobs created (Media City 4,000 but only 145 locals)
- Housing 2,800 from London Olympic development
ENVIRONMENTAL
- Particularly in rural.
- Pollution levels e.g. Eden Project, the project has caused environmental issues. The increased traffic in the area has caused pollution to increase by 10% (Guardian 2017), largely due to CO2 emissions from transport. Furthermore, the project has also increased littering in the local community.
- Sustainability, e.g. Olympic legacy project housing is zero carbon and involved the restoration of 2.5km of brownfield and wetland.
lifestyle choice affect health
- Smoking
- In the UK smoking caused 96,000 deaths in 2016.
- Affects people’s respiratory systems making them less likely to take part in physical activity.
how does GIS maps help profile places
- Source of secondary data, geospatial meaning it shows layers of data on one map
- Data stored from census data such as on employment, deprivation or demographic
- Shows with a colour scheme how a place compares nationality
- Can demonstrate links such as between type of employment and pay
why does unemployment vary within a country
The majority of the 16 states in Germany show unemployment of 6% or below this may be because of successful regeneration into service economy (e.g. tourism or banking) but other regions may have experienced deindustrialization leaving high unemployment due to the collapse of traditional industries such as agriculture using machinery.
how can inequality be measured
-Four types of inequality - economic - pay and employment, social - crime, service - supermarket and shop location, environmental - building quality
PRIMARY
- Data collected personally by yourself.
- Building quality satisfaction surveys (environment)
- Supermarket/shop location (services)
- Survey on community activities such as elderly social groups (social)
- Land use survey (economic)
SECONDARY
- Data collected elsewhere, includes census data.
- This data might be unemployment levels. Eg in Hull it’s 8.7% in 2017 (economic)
- Pollution levels (environment)
- Bus timetables (services)
- Crime rates, 75.6 crimes per 1,000 in London (social)
why would urban groups have different views on regeneration
Some residents/age groups have long-standing social links to the place over generations so be reluctant to see major regeneration if it results in change to their way of life/loss of familiar historical appearance or noise/disruption
Recent migrants want their own homes/jobs so positive about new investment/chance to set up their own business
People’s perception of a place varies, as does their lifestyle. A young, wealth individual may like the idea of regeneration and the fast paced nature of a business environment. However, an older person, potentially retired may enjoy a slow pace of life, meaning if the place they lived in became regenerated, such as if cornwall was regenerated, there may become conflicts.
socio-economic consequences of movement for source country
POSITIVES
- Remittances received invested in local businesses / house repairs / medical care.
- Less unemployment as people have moved elsewhere. Wages rise as fewer workers available
NEGATIVES
- Loss of skilled workers (‘brain drain’) (1) e.g. Doctors / teachers
- Loss of tax revenue of source country therefore reduced government revenue, limiting ability to spend on infrastructure and government services.
- Loss of population to sustain local services such as transport /shops which leads to deindustrialisation of the area, such as the Detroit rust belt, where over 1 million people moved out of the area since 1950 due to the movement of the TNC general motors (Ford) from the detroit area to China for lower production costs.
- Increased interdependence on the incomes provided by TNCs in host countries.
- Ageing population risk as all high skilled, young workers move abroad for job opportunities
how have economic sectors changed over time
PRIMARY SECTOR -
- Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing
- 1841 - 22% 2011 - 1%
- Due to machines being more efficient in completing agriculture
SECONDARY SECTOR -
- Manufacturing
- 1841 - 36% 2011 - 9%
- Due to cheaper labour costs in developing countries and advance of travel making assembling different parts of an item from many different places more doable.
TERTIARY SECTOR -
- Services, quaternary and quinary
- 1841 - 33% 2011 - 81%
- Cities with higher wages are now more accessible due to globalisation and the transfer of information via undersea fibre optic cables.
How and why have functions shifted in their type and location in urban and rural areas over the past few decades?
RURAL
- Rural places functions used to be based upon agriculture. In England 1400, 57.2% of the workforce were in the agriculture sector. In 2012 this was just 1.2%.
- Physical factors, technology - farming can be completed quicker and more efficiently by machinery such as the combine harvester
- Connections into cities where wages are likely to be higher also. London average wage is £34,500 UK as a whole £22,000.
URBAN
- Urban places originally home to industrial work, having factories. Many shut down for environmental reasons such as the large amounts of pollution they produce or economic reasons such as workers being cheaper in developing countries
- Most workers are now in services sector, 81% in the UK from 33% in 1841. Also, due to boom of international travel
different ways of portraying changing places
EMPLOYMENT -
- Includes type of employment and unemployment levels, affected by urbanisation
- In England 1400, 57.2% of the workforce were in the agriculture sector. In 2012 this was just 1.2%
DEMOGRAPHIC -
- China’s one child policy
- Measures age, gender, religion
- In 1950, China population growth was 1.9% in 1979 was 0.7%
DEPRIVATION -
-Measured by IMD, which concerns - Income, employment, education, health, crime, housing and living environment
May be due to rebuilding plans such as London Docks a £3.9 billion plan that created the DLR and 22,000 new homes
differentiate between regeneration, rebranding and reimaging
REGENERATION -
- Improving an area that has been experiencing a period of decline
- Combines rebranding and re-imaging
REBRANDING -
- The ‘marketing’ aspect of regenerating designed to attract business, residents and visitors
- London Docklands created 22,000 new houses.
RE-IMAGING -
- Making a place more attractive and desirable to invest and live in or visit
- Creating green spaces, Docklands developed New parks and landscaped open spaces can lie at the heart of the regeneration process. In London one of the largest new parks to be created recently is the 22-acre in Newham.
how does inequality affect perception of a place
ECONOMIC
-Younger people in high earning jobs will enjoy the faster pace of life and opportunities offered by places such as London and Manchester. Unemployed people or those in lower paid jobs tend to be less happy and cluster in certain locations. Eg Harrow average earning of £17,500 whereas City of London £50,300
SOCIAL
- Older people live in rural locations such as Torquay in Devon or Christchurch in Dorset
- Pakis tend to join together. In Brent 55% of population is non-UK born. Brent 45 out of 330 areas on IMD
Describe the different urban environment pressures experienced by developed megacities
Polluted air/ noise/ light: less of problem in UK since Clean Air Act 1956 onwards but car exhausts (NO2, CO, CO2, particulates) are an issue, particularly for asthma sufferers as there are so many vehicles(2.6 million in London).
Urban sprawl: Due to increasing demand for housing,cities grow outwards to accommodate demand. London’s population has grown from 1.1 million in 1801 to 8.7 million in 2017. This leads to a loss of habitats,A satellite survey by a research team at the University of Leicester (UofL) found that between 2006 and 2012, 22,000 hectares (54,ooo acres) of green space was converted to “artificial surfaces” – mostly housing. More than 7,000 hectares of forest was felled, 14,000 hectares of farmland concreted and 1,000 hectares of precious wetland was drained to make way for urban sprawl. Attempts to rectify this issue have been made through Green Belt, set up in 1935 by the Metropolitan Green Belt committee, but this has not been fully successful with many blaming the lack of land for driving up house prices.
