Shaping Places Flashcards
2012 olympic development
ECONOMIC -
-£13 billion injected into national economy,
SOCIAL
- 10,000 new homes
- However, the average cost is £250,000 making them unattainable
ENVIRONMENTAL
- 2.5km sq. of restored wetland
- New housing 0 carbon.
different regeneration strategies
SPORT - Olympic Park
REBRANDING - Salford MediaCity
INFRASTRUCTURE - Heathrow, HS2
RETAIL - Liverpool Waters
range of measures for regeneration success
Perceptions of success will vary from one group to another. E.g. old/young, business/person, local/national government
ECONOMIC
-Investment boosts, e.g. Glasgow The 8 year project from winning to hosting the Commonwealth Games event saw Scotland’s economy grow by £740 million, £390 million of which in Glasgow alone, supporting an average of 2,100 jobs.
SOCIAL
- Jobs created (Media City 4,000 but only 145 locals)
- Housing 2,800 from London Olympic development
ENVIRONMENTAL
- Particularly in rural.
- Pollution levels e.g. Eden Project, the project has caused environmental issues. The increased traffic in the area has caused pollution to increase by 10% (Guardian 2017), largely due to CO2 emissions from transport. Furthermore, the project has also increased littering in the local community.
- Sustainability, e.g. Olympic legacy project housing is zero carbon and involved the restoration of 2.5km of brownfield and wetland.
lifestyle choice affect health
- Smoking
- In the UK smoking caused 96,000 deaths in 2016.
- Affects people’s respiratory systems making them less likely to take part in physical activity.
how does GIS maps help profile places
- Source of secondary data, geospatial meaning it shows layers of data on one map
- Data stored from census data such as on employment, deprivation or demographic
- Shows with a colour scheme how a place compares nationality
- Can demonstrate links such as between type of employment and pay
why does unemployment vary within a country
The majority of the 16 states in Germany show unemployment of 6% or below this may be because of successful regeneration into service economy (e.g. tourism or banking) but other regions may have experienced deindustrialization leaving high unemployment due to the collapse of traditional industries such as agriculture using machinery.
how can inequality be measured
-Four types of inequality - economic - pay and employment, social - crime, service - supermarket and shop location, environmental - building quality
PRIMARY
- Data collected personally by yourself.
- Building quality satisfaction surveys (environment)
- Supermarket/shop location (services)
- Survey on community activities such as elderly social groups (social)
- Land use survey (economic)
SECONDARY
- Data collected elsewhere, includes census data.
- This data might be unemployment levels. Eg in Hull it’s 8.7% in 2017 (economic)
- Pollution levels (environment)
- Bus timetables (services)
- Crime rates, 75.6 crimes per 1,000 in London (social)
why would urban groups have different views on regeneration
Some residents/age groups have long-standing social links to the place over generations so be reluctant to see major regeneration if it results in change to their way of life/loss of familiar historical appearance or noise/disruption
Recent migrants want their own homes/jobs so positive about new investment/chance to set up their own business
People’s perception of a place varies, as does their lifestyle. A young, wealth individual may like the idea of regeneration and the fast paced nature of a business environment. However, an older person, potentially retired may enjoy a slow pace of life, meaning if the place they lived in became regenerated, such as if cornwall was regenerated, there may become conflicts.
socio-economic consequences of movement for source country
POSITIVES
- Remittances received invested in local businesses / house repairs / medical care.
- Less unemployment as people have moved elsewhere. Wages rise as fewer workers available
NEGATIVES
- Loss of skilled workers (‘brain drain’) (1) e.g. Doctors / teachers
- Loss of tax revenue of source country therefore reduced government revenue, limiting ability to spend on infrastructure and government services.
- Loss of population to sustain local services such as transport /shops which leads to deindustrialisation of the area, such as the Detroit rust belt, where over 1 million people moved out of the area since 1950 due to the movement of the TNC general motors (Ford) from the detroit area to China for lower production costs.
- Increased interdependence on the incomes provided by TNCs in host countries.
- Ageing population risk as all high skilled, young workers move abroad for job opportunities
how have economic sectors changed over time
PRIMARY SECTOR -
- Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing
- 1841 - 22% 2011 - 1%
- Due to machines being more efficient in completing agriculture
SECONDARY SECTOR -
- Manufacturing
- 1841 - 36% 2011 - 9%
- Due to cheaper labour costs in developing countries and advance of travel making assembling different parts of an item from many different places more doable.
TERTIARY SECTOR -
- Services, quaternary and quinary
- 1841 - 33% 2011 - 81%
- Cities with higher wages are now more accessible due to globalisation and the transfer of information via undersea fibre optic cables.
How and why have functions shifted in their type and location in urban and rural areas over the past few decades?
RURAL
- Rural places functions used to be based upon agriculture. In England 1400, 57.2% of the workforce were in the agriculture sector. In 2012 this was just 1.2%.
- Physical factors, technology - farming can be completed quicker and more efficiently by machinery such as the combine harvester
- Connections into cities where wages are likely to be higher also. London average wage is £34,500 UK as a whole £22,000.
URBAN
- Urban places originally home to industrial work, having factories. Many shut down for environmental reasons such as the large amounts of pollution they produce or economic reasons such as workers being cheaper in developing countries
- Most workers are now in services sector, 81% in the UK from 33% in 1841. Also, due to boom of international travel
different ways of portraying changing places
EMPLOYMENT -
- Includes type of employment and unemployment levels, affected by urbanisation
- In England 1400, 57.2% of the workforce were in the agriculture sector. In 2012 this was just 1.2%
DEMOGRAPHIC -
- China’s one child policy
- Measures age, gender, religion
- In 1950, China population growth was 1.9% in 1979 was 0.7%
DEPRIVATION -
-Measured by IMD, which concerns - Income, employment, education, health, crime, housing and living environment
May be due to rebuilding plans such as London Docks a £3.9 billion plan that created the DLR and 22,000 new homes
differentiate between regeneration, rebranding and reimaging
REGENERATION -
- Improving an area that has been experiencing a period of decline
- Combines rebranding and re-imaging
REBRANDING -
- The ‘marketing’ aspect of regenerating designed to attract business, residents and visitors
- London Docklands created 22,000 new houses.
RE-IMAGING -
- Making a place more attractive and desirable to invest and live in or visit
- Creating green spaces, Docklands developed New parks and landscaped open spaces can lie at the heart of the regeneration process. In London one of the largest new parks to be created recently is the 22-acre in Newham.
how does inequality affect perception of a place
ECONOMIC
-Younger people in high earning jobs will enjoy the faster pace of life and opportunities offered by places such as London and Manchester. Unemployed people or those in lower paid jobs tend to be less happy and cluster in certain locations. Eg Harrow average earning of £17,500 whereas City of London £50,300
SOCIAL
- Older people live in rural locations such as Torquay in Devon or Christchurch in Dorset
- Pakis tend to join together. In Brent 55% of population is non-UK born. Brent 45 out of 330 areas on IMD
Describe the different urban environment pressures experienced by developed megacities
Polluted air/ noise/ light: less of problem in UK since Clean Air Act 1956 onwards but car exhausts (NO2, CO, CO2, particulates) are an issue, particularly for asthma sufferers as there are so many vehicles(2.6 million in London).
Urban sprawl: Due to increasing demand for housing,cities grow outwards to accommodate demand. London’s population has grown from 1.1 million in 1801 to 8.7 million in 2017. This leads to a loss of habitats,A satellite survey by a research team at the University of Leicester (UofL) found that between 2006 and 2012, 22,000 hectares (54,ooo acres) of green space was converted to “artificial surfaces” – mostly housing. More than 7,000 hectares of forest was felled, 14,000 hectares of farmland concreted and 1,000 hectares of precious wetland was drained to make way for urban sprawl. Attempts to rectify this issue have been made through Green Belt, set up in 1935 by the Metropolitan Green Belt committee, but this has not been fully successful with many blaming the lack of land for driving up house prices.
What factors affect people’s varied lived experience with their home place vary?
HEALTHCARE -
-Older people are likely to require more healthcare. Therefore, the standard and availability of healthcare where they live is likely to shape their opinions on their location.
TRANSPORT -
- How fast and cheap transport is to major cities such as London.
- Commuters may prefer living in a slightly more rural location if raising a family but will require fast transport to commute.
WAGES -
-London house price costs £544,000 whereas UK as a whole is £234,794. Therefore, cities tend to be more popular amongst highly skilled individuals as they can handle the higher costs. Whereas rural places tend to be cheaper and more favourable for a cheaper standard of life and unskilled workers.
why do some areas need regeneration more than others
SINK ESTATES -
- Sink estates are housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime
- Examples include Broadwater Farm in North London or Redruth in Cornwall
- Redruth annual wage was just £14,300 compared with almost £23,000 in the UK as a whole. Up to 40% of households live on less than £10,000 a year
- Due to the demand for second homes in the area house prices rose and many struggle
COMMUTER VILLAGES -
- Areas with good transport links that means a large number of the working population commute it into major cities and as a result commonly earn large wages.
- Itchen Valley - between Winchester and Alresford
- Average house prices in the area are £588,882 compared to £298,136 in UK as a whole
different views about greenfield regeneration
ENVIRONMENTALISTS/COUNCIL TO PROTECT RURAL ENGLAND -
-As shown in the Chidswell in Yorkshire development this pressure group will oppose every form of regeneration that affects the natural environment.
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT -
- Whilst governments will have environment policy they’re ultimately more concerned with social issues such as overcrowding of major cities.
- As seen with the policy on Gordon Brown in 2008 to build 210,000 homes each year which the Council to Protect Rural England said this used up 2,250 hectares of rural land each year
urban regeenration perception
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT -
- Concerned with longer term national goals
- EG 2012 Olympics developing local area for years to come.
LOCAL COMMUNITY-
- Will want to maintain traditions of area
- EG Docklands development faced criticism as whilst the area may not have appeared attractive for residents at the time it is what they wanted.
- New houses more expensive
DEVELOPERS - -Will only be concerned about profit, in more working class cities will come under criticism for this as will drive up house prices.
rural regeneration stakeholders
LOCAL PEOPLE -
- Likely to be opposed to change. Rural places are meant to be quiet and do not want excess traffic.
- E.g. Eden Project regeneration, due to poor public transport and local road network traffic in the area has increased by 13% and led to clashes between tourists and residents. This led to a 7% increase in pollution (Guardian) ironic……
DEVELOPERS -
- More concerned with profit than preservation of the environment or local people.
- Rural rebranding schemes in Cornwall funded by Objective one. It was rebranded with the title ‘cool Cornwall’.
- Generated £400 million for the economy. However, only 33% of this stayed in Cornwall as much of it was for national chains etc.
- Moreover, whilst the project has created jobs many of these rely upon tourists and so are only in the summer. As a result, wages are low and inconsistent as jobs are part time. Infact, full time employment has actually decreased 7% due to the seasonality of work available.
measures to manage economic regeneration
EMPLOYMENT -
- Whether regeneration creates new jobs which may have been lost for instance due to urbanisation
- Liverpool waters scheme LIKELY to create over 9,000 jobs
INCOME -
- Whether people earn more after regeneration
- Must be all people as shown in Tower Hamlets gap between rich and poor. Over a tenth earn over £100,000 a year. But 20% have earnings under £15,000
POVERTY -
- Whether people get out of poverty.
- A household is in relative poverty (also called relative low income) if its income is below 60% of the median household income.
- After London 2012, Newham went from being the second poorest local authority in England to the 25th
measure social progress
HEALTH -
-Measured by life expectancy
REDUCTIONS IN INEQUALITY INSIDE AREA
Must be all people as shown in Tower Hamlets gap between rich and poor. Over a tenth earn over £100,000 a year. But 20% have earnings under £15,000
IMPROVEMENTS IN TERMS OF POVERTY AND SOCIAL MEASURES
-After London 2012, Newham went from being the second poorest local authority in England to the 25th
different perceptions about lived perception in urban spaces
- Lived experience is the actual experience of living in a place or environment. Influences perception and values, as well as development and world outlook.
- Perception is important as it affects how people view a place and can affect quality of life, interactions between people and communities
- One reason could be due to social class. This is because people with lower incomes and in a lower social class are likely to view the place more negatively as they benefit less from the place in terms of employment and can’t then benefit from extra services the place provides due to lower disposable incomes compared to higher classes.
Explain why there are different perceptions about lived experience in rural places. (6 marks)
- Lived experience is the actual experience of living in a place or environment. Influences perception and values, as well as development and world outlook.
- Perception is important as it affects how people view a place and can affect quality of life, interactions between people and communities
- One reason could be age. This is because if someone has lived in a place for a long time, they grow more attached to that place and have a better perception. Whereas someone who is younger or has lived there for not as long won’t be as attached to that place and will engage less in the place.
