Shampoos Flashcards
Dr. Salako
What is a shampoo?
A shampoo is a preparation of a surfactant in a suitable form, which when used under the specified conditions, will remove surface grease, dirt, and skin debris from the hair shaft and scalp without adversely affecting the user.
Mention 6 properties of a good shampoo.
i. It should have optimum viscosity to facilitate ease of application.
ii. It should have good spreading properties.
iii. It should produce sufficient lather after application.
iv. It shouldlatherwith both hot andcold water.
v. It should be able to remove waste material from the scalp.
vi. It should notformany kind of film on scalp.
vii. It should rinse out completely after washing.
viii. It should not produce any kind of irritation or itching to the scalp.
ix. It should be economical.
x. It should bestableand have ahalf lifeof about 2 to 3 years.
Mention 7 types of shampoo
- Clear shampoo: clear in color. It could be an oil-in-water emulsion of an amine functional polydimethyl silicone
- Liquid cream shampoo: addition of opacifier such as glyceryl monostearate, glycol stearate etc., to theclear liquidshampoo yields liquid cream shampoo. Solubilising agents such as magnesium stearate is also used to dissolve the added opacifier
- Cream shampoo: they have a paste-like consistency and are packed in acollapsible tube. The paste consistency is developed by addition of alkyl sulphates, also Cetyl alcohol is added, which serves as a builder.
- Gel shampoo: they are transparent and thick usually made by incorporating a gellingagent, (e.g., cellulose). The principle ingredient is detergent, which can be used either alone or in combination with soap. Consistency can be altered by altering proportion of detergent. Addition of methyl cellulose toclear liquidshampoo and its subsequent thickening also gives rise to gel shampoo.
- Powder shampoo: this is prepared where addition of water or other solvent reduces the activity of the components, especially in case of medicated shampoo. Nowadays, these shampoos are not used due to the difficulty experienced in their application.
- Aerosol shampoo: they arepacked inaerosolcontainers and a propellant is included. The propellant added must be compatible and should not reduce the activity of shampooing ingredients. The container opening is provided with a valve. Shampoo comes out as foam when the valve is pressed. Hence also called as foam type shampoo.
- Special shampoo: these are the shampoos which are meant for special purpose.
Mention 4 propellants that can be used in aerosol shampoos.
i. Butane
ii. Isobutane
iii. Propane
iv. Alcohol
Special shampoos are the shampoos which are meant for special purpose. Give two examples.
i. Medicated shampoo
ii. Conditioning shampoo
What are the four types of surfactant that may be used in shampoos?
i. Anionic surfactant: the hydrophilic portion carries a negative charge which results in superior foaming, cleaning and end result attributes
ii. Cationic surfactant: they are toxic and are hence not used. However, they may be used in low concentration in hair conditioners.
iii. Amphoteric surfactants: because they are expensive, they are generally not used. However, they are mainly used as secondary surfactants and good hair conditioners
iv. Non-ionic surfctant: they have good cleansing properties but do not have sufficient foaming power
Mention 5 types of ingredients used in shampoos with percentage rati and two examples each.
- Primary surfactants (8-12%) e.g., Sodium lauryl sulfate, Sodium laureth sulfate, Ammonium laureth sulfate
- Secondary surfactants (2-5%) e.g., Cocamide DEA, Cocamide MEA
- Thickener (2-3%) e.g., salt, carbomer
- Foam boosters (0.1-1%) e.g., betaines, lactylate
- Suspending agents (0.1-1%) e.g., xanthan gum, carbomer, guar gum
- Colourants
- Humectants
- Preservatives
- Fragrance
- Chelating agents
- pH adjuster
Mention two conditioning agents added to shampoos
i. Polyquat
ii. Silicon
Describe the manufacturing process of shampoos.
Water is metered into the process vessel and heated to around 55-60℃ to aid hydration of other ingredients.
The first ingredient added is normally the surfactant, as other additives, particularly those that affect viscosity, can make dilution of the surfactant more difficult.
Conditioners and other ingredients are added.
pH is adjusted to the required level.
Sodium chloride or other viscosity modifiers are added last, along with colour and fragrance
- Measure the required amount of water into process vessel and heat it to 55-60℃
- Add surfactant first
- Add conditioner and other ingredients
- Adjust pH to required level.
- Viscosity enhancers are added last, along with fragrance and colourants
Mention 5 different evaluations of shampoos.
- Organoleptic properties - appearance, odour and texture
- pH measurement: using a pH meter
- Percentage solid content: (weight before drying - weight after drying)/ weight before drying x 100
- Viscosity measurement: using a Brookfield viscometer
- Rinsability test: wash 0.5g of hair with 0.5g of shampoo. Rinse with 10ml, 30ml and 50ml, respectively and assess ease of rinsing
- Wetting action: place one drop of shampoo on the surface of 100ml of water and measure the time it takes to sink
- Foaming ability and Foam stability: Drop 200ml of shampoo solution into a glass column containing 50ml of the same solution. Measure the height of the foam formed immediately. Measure again after a specified time interval. This is the Ross-Miles foam column.
- Cleanisng power: Place 5g of soiled human hair in 200ml of water containing 1g of shampoo in a flask at 35 degree-celsius. Shake the fask 50 times a minute for 4 minutes. Rinse with sufficient water. Filter and dry hair. Calculate the amount of soil removed under these conditions
Describe the Draize skin irritancy test.
- The fur of rabbits will be shaved and formulations applied 24 hours after shaving.
- 0.4g of the test and control substances will be applied to the shaven sites approximately 2.5 x 2.5 cm square.
- After 24 hours exposure, the applied sites will be wiped with water to remove the shampoo.
- Observation of sites will be done at 24 h after application and repeated at 48h, 72h. The skin will be evaluated for reactions like inflammation, erythema and edema
Describe the Draize eye irritancy test.
- One drop of the shampoo solution will be dropped into the conjunctival sac of the eyes of rabbits using a plastic dropper.
- The eyes will be washed with 20 mL of water after 4 seconds of treatment.
- Progressive damage to the eyes of the rabbits will be recorded at 4 seconds.
- Reactions to the irritants like any swelling, inflammation, ulceration, hemorrhaging and blindness will be observed at 24, 48, 72 hours, 4th day and 7th day.
Describe the conditioning test.
A known weight of human hair is washed with 2 grams of the shampoo and rinsed thoroughly with water. The degree of conditioning given to hair is ultimately judged by shampoo users who is making the evaluation on the basis of past experience and present expectations. Softness and lustre can be checked.
A patient comes to your Pharmacy intending to treat Seborrheic dermatitis. Design a formula stating the reason for each ingredient.
A patient comes to your Pharmacy intending to treat trichoptilosis. Design a formula stating the reason for each ingredient.
