shake n bake Flashcards
The process of beginning a project involves an introductory phase wherein the owner presents explicit descriptive specifications for the proposed undertaking. Rather than simply indicate interest without nuance, and to avoid issuing irresponsible considerations for multiple projects, a contractor is required to submit a ______ to express their specifications (including designs and price) for the planned construction
Bid
What information would not be found in the instructions to bidders?
A. Production substitution information
B. The time and place to submit the bid
C. Site plans
D. The start date of the project
Site plans
What is the role of CLARB? Select all that apply.
A. To set the minimum requirements to become licensed in each state
B. To compile records of professionals
C. To work in conjunction with ASLA to produce the LARE
D. To provide services, which examine the competency of each candidate
B. To compile records of professionals
D. To provide services, which examine the competency of each candidate
CLARB’s role is to assist state registration boards, compile professional records and develop the LARE. CLARB also provides services, which tests the examinees and provides the results to each individual state board. It does not set the minimum requirements that each state must require in order to become licensed. It is also an independent body and does not work in conjunction with ASLA in developing the LARE.
An owner may terminate a contract if? (Select all that apply)
A. The contractor has gone bankrupt
B. A contractor is working too slowly
C. The contractor fails to pay the subcontractors
D. The contractor persistently disregards local ordinances
A. The contractor has gone bankrupt
C. The contractor fails to pay the subcontractors
D. The contractor persistently disregards local
A contract can be terminated for any of the following reasons: breach of contract, fraud, nonpayment of professional fees, hazardous site conditions, failure to pay subcontractors, a contractor goes bankrupt and the contractor violates ordinances intentionally.
Phillip runs a small Landscape Architecture firm. His college roommate Desmond runs a medium sized Architecture firm. Desmond has decided that he would like his company to go after larger government work and needs a Landscape Architecture firm to get the work. He asks Phillip to permanently join together their two companies, but Phillip has some reservations and would like to try it out on a short term basis.
What type of company should the two friends form?
a Joint Venture
/in order to begin using a building after all of the work has been completed, what must be obtained from the local municipality?
Certificate of occupancy
What type of specifications instruct the contractor on where to deliver and store all of the materials on site?
General.
The general specifications are designed to instruct a contractor on what is required during the project including where to deliver and store materials, the description of the work to take place and the sequence of work. The technical specifications provide details on the different items that are going to be constructed
and include performance specifications.
A landscape architect has won a case in small claims court against a former client. The client has refused to pay the judgement in the case. What action should the landscape architect take next?
File a writ of execution.
A writ of execution is a court order intended to satisfy a judgement in a civil case. A writ is granted when the defendant refuses to pay the judgement and may result in a levy against the defendant’s property.
A landscape architect and his client initially come to a verbal agreement to do a project based on lump sum pricing. After looking at the project in more detail, a
contract is drawn up with the fee being paid as a percentage of the final construction cost and is signed by both parties. At the end of the project, the client wants to pay a lump sum fee because it is considerably less than the percentage of the final construction cost. The landscape architect takes his client to court to sort out the payment terms. What amount should the landscape architect get paid?
Percentage of the final construction cost
All contractors are held to the same expectations in this arena regardless of geographical distinction or manner of specialization. Veracity of legal cases are
ostensibly determined utilizing this method of reasoning:
Standards of practice
Standards of practice are the common expectations for professionals with which they can reasonably be held accountable. A statute of limitations is the accepted period of time for a claimant to begin legal proceedings regarding a contractual issue. Reasonable care and skill is terminology involved with the traditional negligence and malpractice cases that relates to the aforementioned standards of practice. As it is specific, the over arching ‘standards of practice’ is more encompassing in this case.
Which of the following would be grounds for a landscape architect to lose his or her license?
A. Signing and sealing drawings in which he or she supervised
B. Endorsing a specific supplier without receiving compensation
C. Losing the mental capacity to perform his or her job
D. Disclosing any payments received to make public statements about a proposed project
C. Losing the mental capacity to perform his or her job
A Landscape Architect has been hired to not only design a project, but also to stay on and work as the construction administrator once the field work has begun. What does this role require the Landscape Architect to do? (Select all that apply)
A. Hire the contractor
B. Protect the interests of the owner
C. Evaluate the craftsmanship of the work
D. Resolve any conflicts regarding the contract drawings
B. Protect the interests of the owner
C. Evaluate the craftsmanship of the work
D. Resolve any conflicts regarding the contract
Who is responsible for safety on the construction site?
The contractor
A meddling owner has hired a Landscape Architect to do some design work for a project. The client asks the design team to make a small change to the program early in the project. The Landscape Architect has decided that the change is minor and in the interest of keeping the project moving makes the change. Over the course of the project, this type of change happens several more times. The project is now over budget and past due. The client is furious and wants to know what happened. At what point should the client have been made aware of potential delays and changes to cost of the project?
At the time of the first change
The contract states that the project must be substantially completed by a specific date otherwise the contractor will pay a fine for every day beyond that date. The contractor has failed to meet the deadline for substantial completion. What can he be sued for?
Liquidated Damages
A prospective buyer of a parcel of land is told by the realtor that if purchased, no dramatic changes can be made to the exterior of the house. How is this enforceable?
Restrictive covenant
When working on a federally funded project, what is the minimum amount that contractors are required to pay their employees?
Prevailing wage
Who is responsible for inspecting the installed construction to make sure that it complies with local codes and ordinances?
the building inspector
Who is responsible for hiring and paying subcontractors?
the contractor
An owner grows paranoid of the realities involved with their property undergoing preparation for construction upon realizing that the previous owner, an uncle prone to hoarding, may have committed structural atrocities in a fit of displeasure. Having planned to sell the property following completion of construction, they wish to have limited liability for the period of ownership preceding their own. What sort of documentation should they pursue?
a Special warranty.
A manufacturer has not been paid for supplying all of the concrete products used on the project. What recourse do they have to get paid?
a mechanic’s lien
A landscape architect has bought a piece of land for a new office complex.
The previous owner has agreed to remain personally responsible for the title indefinitely. What type of agreement has been reached?
a General Warranty deed
A Landscape Architecture Firm is designing a sports complex for Oakley Township and has sub contracted some of the work to a civil engineering firm and an architecture firm. The township has provided project requirements and design standards to the LA firm. During the design process, the Landscape Architect has noticed that all of the CADD drawings have been coming back from the subs with different font sizes, line weights, etc. Whose standards should be used on all of the drawings?
the township
A contractor has been hired to install an extensive drainage system on private property. The drainage system includes one fifty foot section of piping that must be installed ten feet deep in the ground. During excavation, no shoring has been installed and the employees feel that their immediate safety is at risk. Who should the employees contact first to rectify the situation?
Their employer
Prior to sending out invitations to bid on a project, the owner has decided to make changes to the plans and specifications. This is done with the help of?
An addendum
A jaded former client has spoken out on a local television station and made false claims that hurt the reputation of a landscape architect. The former client may be sued for what?
Slander
The modification of the specifications after a contract has been signed is called?
Change order
What is the purpose of technical specifications? (choose all that apply)
A. To provide quality and performance capabilities of the materials
B. To enforce one specific way to construct the project
C. To provide information on an tests or inspections
both A and C
In order for a contract to be valid, it must include (Select all that apply): A. An agreement B. Incompetent parties C. Items of value to exchange hands D. More than one party
A. An agreement
C. Items of value to exchange hands
D. More than one party
In an effort to ameliorate their risk while simultaneously impart confidence in their willingness to pay, a contractor secures a _______ bond in preparation of an upcoming bid.
Surety
A surety bond is a financial promise provided by a specialized outside party assuring completion of the bid should the bidder be selected. A bid bond is included with an actual proposal and serves as a guarantee of contract should the proposal be accepted; it also results in a penalty should the bidder withdraw following acceptance. A performance bond is an assurance of the contractor’s intention to complete their work. A payment bond is a guarantee that the contractor will pay all bills accrued within their work.
A landscape architect can be held accountable for negligence on a project for a defined amount of time and terms based on what?
Statute of limitations
Two business people want to form a new company that will exist as long as both of them are alive and even beyond their leaving the company if they are so lucky to last that long. In order to protect personal wealth in the event of a lawsuit, what type of business should be created?
Corporation
A corporation will provide security of one’s personal assets in the event of a lawsuit against the firm and will still exist in the event one of the partners leaves the company. Sole-proprietorships do not protect personal assets. Partnerships dissolve once one of the partners leaves the company and joint ventures dissolve once a project is over.
The process of coming to a non-binding resolution of a contract dispute that is facilitated by negotiation through a third party is called?
Mediation.
Mediation = non-binding. Arbitration = binding
What is not a valid reason to have a retainage of funds during a project (Select all that apply)?
A. In case of satisfactory work
B. In case the contractor fails to perform specified work
C. In case of damage to the owner’s property
D. In order to comply with a mechanic’s lien
A. In case of satisfactory work
Retainers may be kept in case something goes wrong on the project including: unsatisfactory work, failure of the contractor to do the work, damaged property and
compliance with the mechanic’s lien. Should the contractor provide unsatisfactory work, the owner has the right to withhold payments until the situation is rectified.
- Neblock Design Group has been hired to be the construction administrator(CA) on a small waterfront project. While out visiting the site, the Landscape Architect assigned to be the CA has discovered that one of the water fountains on site has not been installed as per specification and is of the belief that the work is not acceptable. The owner agrees with the CA that the work should be rejected. What should the CA do next?
A. Tell the contractor what to do to remedy the situation
B. Provide the contractor with a means and method to fix the problem
C. Alert the contractor in writing and verbally that the water fountain is not acceptable and being rejected
D. Issue a stop work order until the fountain has been fixed
C. Alert the contractor in writing and verbally that the water fountain is not acceptable and being rejected
A Private bid process includes which of the following?
A. A requirement for complete and thorough bids
B. Specific advertising requirements
C. Specific bid due dates and times
D. No requirement to select the lowest bidder
D. No requirement to select the lowest bidder
At what point during a project should record drawings be created?
Contemporaneously with the execution of the work
Record drawings = as-builts
While working on a project, the owner has made the landscape architect aware that he will be dumping all excess soil in the wetlands on site in order to cut costs. What should the landscape architect not do? (Select all that apply)
A. Consent to the decision because he or she is under contract
B. Terminate the contract
C. Advise the owner against dumping in the wetlands
D. Report the owner to the local building inspector
A. Consent to the decision because he or she is under contract
Which national organization’s main goal is to increase the public’s awareness of landscape architects?
CSLA / ASLA
A contractor fails to provide proper signage or warning for strangers in close proximity to a job site leading to an unfortunate accident that causes physical harm to an inquisitive dog and it’s owner. The contractor can be charged with _____ within the court of law:
Negligence
The landscape architect is responsible for providing which parts of a project? A. Setting the budget B. Providing goals and objectives C. Keeping records of the design D. All of the above
C. Keeping records of the design
A Landscape Architect has been hired to represent his client when selecting a parcel of land for a new planned unit development. What type of arrangement has been formed?
Agency
In order to become licensed, a candidate must prove that they are:
A. Minimally competent to practice a profession
B. Minimally competent to practice a profession without endangering the health, safety of welfare of the people
C. An expert in the given profession
D. Able to meet the standards of care
B. Minimally competent to practice a profession without endangering the health, safety of welfare of the people
A Landscape Architect has required that all structural concrete placed on site should have concrete cylinders made and the concrete tested after it has hardened for twenty eight days. What is being tested after this amount of time?
Compressive strength
What certification system verifies whether buildings are built to specific standards that are meant to be sustainable, reduce waste and benefit all users?
LEED
What is the purpose of a practice act? (Select all that apply)
A. To regulate those professionals who call themselves landscape architects
B. To allow people to do the work of a landscape architect as long as they do not refer to themselves as one
C. To protect the citizens from unqualified professionals from providing services
D. To define a set of services that only a Landscape Architect can perform
A. To regulate those professionals who call themselves landscape architects
C. To protect the citizens from unqualified professionals from providing services
D. To define a set of services that only a Landscape Architect can perform
A landscape architect is allowed to perform which of the following? A. Engineer a traffic system B. Design utilities C. Survey a site D. All of the above E. None of the above
E. None of the above
In order to protect pedestrians and motorists at intersections, many towns have instituted a regulation called: A. Sight Line B. Right of way C. Easements D. Sight triangles
D. Sight triangles
An unfortunate delay in provision acquisition forces a contractor into making the difficult decision to complete a section of construction in an unlawful manner. Although no harm derives immediately from the action, the owner grows enraged upon realizing that the contractual stipulations were knowingly ignored, and levels charges against the contractor. What could the contractor be charged with?
Malfeasance.
Malfeasance is knowingly committing actions that are expressly forbidden by contract or law.
A contractor has bid on and won a construction project for a new pool being built by the township. During the construction of the pool, the contractor has found a water jet that will cost less to purchase and still meets the specifications of the contract documents, but it is a different product than what was specified. What should the contractor do in order to be able to use the water jet that is not in the contract?
Get the product approved as an equal to the original in the contract
What is generally not included in a closeout package for the owner of a site? A. As built drawings B. Guarantees C. Final Payments D. Inspection certificates
Final Payments.
The owner of a piece of land has a fifteen foot right of way at the rear of his property for a possible expansion of the railroad that travels adjacent to the property. What happens to the right of way if the railroad shuts down and ceases operations?
It reverts back to the owner of the parcel of land
- Which of the following is not a role of the project manager?
A. Defining the scope of work B. Closing out the project C. Providing performance reviews D. Tracking the budget E. Providing technical supervision
A. Defining the scope of work
What is the process called when a conservation group buys the right of a piece of land from a farmer so that the land will always be a farm, but the farmer retains all other rights on that land?
Purchase of development rights
Which is not a viable form of marketing for a landscape architecture firm? A. Community service B. Public speaking C. Word of mouth D. Journal Articles E. None of the above
E. None of the above
A landscape architect has just accepted a job in a state in which he is not licensed. How should the landscape architect go about getting licensed in that state?
Apply for reciprocity
While working as a contract administrator, what type of work would require the contractor to seek the input of the landscape architect? (Select all that apply)
A. Approving payment requests submitted by the subcontractor
B. Observation of the staking of any trees that will remain or be removed
C. Observation of the laying out of an entry walkway location
D. The selection of materials for a performance specification
B. Observation of the staking of any trees that will remain or be removed
C. Observation of the laying out of an entry walkway location
Which of the following is not included in the base bid? (Select all that apply)
A. Alternates B. Overhead C. Labor D. Equipment E. Site Preparation F. Materials
A. Alternates
The base bid includes pricing for all overhead, labor, equipment, site preparation and materials to be used on in the construction of a project. It does not include any alternates proposed in the bid package
It becomes apparent that due to unforeseen but entirely avoidable circumstances, a project will be completed beyond the date initially indicated. No covenants exist protecting the contractor from imposed payment. What appropriate claim does the owner have in this circumstance?
Liquidated Damages
A landscape architect is being sued for negligence on a project he designed. What type of law will handle this case?
Tort law
The owner of a piece of private property wants to send out a request for bids in which all of the work is completed for one set price set by the contractor. What type of bid is needed?
Lump sum bid
When does a warranty period begin for work completed on a project?
When the project is substantially completed
What is the term for testimony given outside of court?
Deposition
What clause can be put into a contract to stipulate that a project must be completed by a specific date?
Time is of the essence clause
A Landscape Architect needs a set of drawings that provide the details of a manufactured fountain to be installed on site. What type of drawings are needed?
Shop drawings
What is the legal description of a parcel of land called?
Metes and bounds
What is not an example of intentional tort? (Select all that apply) A. Breach of duty B. Slander C. Trespassing D. Defamation
A. Breach of duty
A landowner has purchased three adjacent properties and would like to combine them into one large piece of property. What type of drawing is needed to do that?
Plot of consolidation
A landowner misrepresents themselves in terms of liquidity and proves unable to provide the agreed upon recompense for a contracting job upon completion of the project. What claim should the contractor file to receive a manner of payment?
A mechanic’s lien
A written notice that states a lawsuit is currently filed over the ownership of a piece of land is called what?
A. Mechanic’s lien
B. Foreclosure
C. Lis pendens
D. Tax lien
C. Lis pendens
A performance bond is purchased by the owner of a parcel of land in order to protect against what?
The completion of all contracted work
During site visits, what is the role of the landscape architect?
To observe site construction and its progress
- What is not usually on the agenda for a pre-construction meeting between the contractor and contract administrator?
A. Permits B. Testing C. Duties D. Due dates E. Surety bonds F. None of the above
E. Surety bonds
- A landscape architect is not qualified to do which of the following?
A. Inventory of features on a site
B. Provide expert testimony
C. Layout site property lines
D. Prepare a master plan for a park
C. Layout site property lines
What scope of services would contract specifications fall under?
Design implementation.
Design implementation includes the creation of working drawings, final estimates and contract specifications.
A professional services contract usually does not involve which of the following? A. Terms and conditions B. Project description C. Site plan D. Scope of services
C. Site plan
John Doe, RLA is being used as an arbitrator in a contract dispute between a contractor and an owner. John Doe once worked with the contractor on a large project that was riddled with delays and cost overruns and as a result has a bad relationship with the contractor. After ruling on the contract dispute, it was discovered that this past relationship caused John Doe to favor the owner of the project regardless of the facts presented in arbitration. What are the possible ramifications of John Doe’s actions? Select all that apply.
A. Loss of commercial insurance
B. Suspension of his license from the state board
C. Incarceration
D. Expulsion from ASLA
B. Suspension of his license from the state board
A Landscape Architecture firm was contracted to design a boat launch and community center. After the contractor completed construction and the site opened to the public, a visitor was injured walking on the site. During a private investigation, it was determined that the site was constructed as per plan and that the fault rests on the Landscape Architect for a poor design. What type of insurance should the Landscape Architecture firm have to protect itself against such a lawsuit?
Errors and omissions
A contractor experiences difficulty with a disgruntled group of local constituents that claim the construction in question should be disallowed on historical grounds. Recognizing that creation of a similar structure dealt with identical resistance and was treated to a positive ruling, the contractor should seek to establish precedence through:
Common Law
- Which of the following is not considered a conflict of interest?
A. Accepting gifts of value from a contractor
B. Accepting compensation from more than one party on a project without full disclosure
C. Providing services to a client without informing them of associations which may influence the services provided
D. Offering payment to a government official to influence his or her decision on a prospective project
D. Offering payment to a government official to influence his or her decision on a prospective project
The landscape architect is looking for the specifications for the precast pavers. What MasterFormat division is he or she likely to find them in?
Division 3, concrete
Kush Design firm has won a contract to provide design services for a river esplanade. The terms of the contract stipulate that they will receive payments of their fee based on the percentage of the project that is complete. What type of fee structure is this an example of?
Lump Sum
Riparian rights grant the owner of a piece of land what rights?
The right to a reasonable use of the water adjacent to the property
A client has terminated a contract with his contractor due to breach of contract. What should the client do next?
A. Take possession of the site
B. Take possession of all materials on site owned by the contractor
C. Finish the work expediently
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following should occur first during the different stages of a project? A. Preliminary details B. Site analysis C. Bid package creation D. Schematic design
B. Site analysis
During the design and construction of a restaurant, who should obtain general liability insurance? A. The owner B. The landscape architect C. The contractor D. Both A and C E. Both B and C
E. Both B and C
A contractual dispute emerges between a contractor and property owner regarding the agreed upon price of components for construction. Neither party wants to bring the disagreement to court, however they require explicit resolution. What should they pursue?
Arbitration or mediation.
The Hammer Hardware store has been located on Lumbar Street for the last fifty years before any changes were made to the local zoning ordinances. It is the only commercial property in the neighborhood as the nearest commercial development is a half mile away. Lately the residents of the surrounding streets have been complaining about delivery trucks making shipments and want the hardware store to move to a proper commercial zone. What protects the hardware store from being forced to move?
Nonconforming uses
The owner of an office complex is filing a claim for damages against a landscape architect for breach of contract. What form of law will govern the decision in the case?
Civil law
What is not a clause added to a contract to shift liability amongst the parties involved?
A. Indemnification clause B. Standards of care C. Performance bond D. Payment bond E. No damage for delay clause
B. standards of care
Standards of care refer to the standard with which one is judged against in a lawsuit and usually refers to the average standard of one in a profession.
What mathematical application is used by project managers to predict the most efficient sequence of construction possible?
Critical path method
When a project has been fast tracked, it means:
Construction has begun on early phases of the project, while the designer works on the later phases
A laborer has broken a gas line while digging for a foundation. Who is responsible for fixing the line?
The laborer’s employer (the contractor)
A client and a contractor have decided to allow a Landscape Architect to be the arbitrator in settling a dispute that the two parties have on a project. The Landscape Architect rules in favor of the client. What protects him from being sued by the contractor?
Immunity.
Anytime a landscape architect is placed into a quasi-judicial role such as an arbitrator, he or she is protected from liability by immunity. If a landscape architect were to be held responsible for any decisions made as an arbitrator, then there would be no reason to act in that role.
What is not a role of the owner of a property over the course of an entire project?
A. Provide a survey
B. Allow access to the site at reasonable times
C. Authorize work stoppages
D. Accept responsibility for delays he or she has caused
E. None of the above
E. None of the above
Excavation of a creepy discovery spooks the owner of a property halfway through construction, causing them to reevaluate the design plans for the lounge that they had previously planned on placing there. After consulting the contractor, they agree to shift the design slightly to accommodate a new location for this proposed room. Both parties agree to the changes, authorize the additional necessary expenditure, and sign their approval. This procedure is called a:
Change order
- What other profession would not be considered allied professions of landscape architect? (Select all that apply)
A. Surveyor B. Architect C. Graphic Designers D. Structural engineer E. Accountant
C. Graphic Designers
E. Accountant
Allied professionals are considered to be state regulated professions who work in similar fields.
Playground equipment that was specified by the landscape architect has failed and the landscape architect is being sued for negligence. How could this have been avoided?
A. Request test results from the manufacturer
B. Request warranties from the manufacturer
C. Contact the manufacturer and request written verification that the equipment fits its intended use
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
D. All of the above
A landscape architect is working on a large public park being built in the town center. At a certain point during the design process the landscape architect realizes that it is time to put together the specifications for the project. In order to save time, standard specifications are going to be used for some common items in the project. Where is the landscape architect not likely to find standard specifications for use in their documents?
A. Construction specification institute B. Master Spec C. Associated General Contractors D. ASLA E. None of the above
D. ASLA
Johnson Township has allocated funds to build a new swimming complex for their citizens. The project has recently gone out to bid and several of the specifications use the American National Standards Institute to describe the products to be used and the anticipated workmanship required. What type of specifications did Johnson Township provide to potential bidders?
Reference specifications
- The site plan calls for poured concrete walkways and the specifications call for precast concrete paver walkways. What type of walkways should be installed?
Precast concrete paver walkways
A Landscape Architecture firm has been hired as the project manager for a new housing development project. In the project kickoff meeting, the owner expresses his desire for the project to be successful. Based on this statement of intent, what is an unreasonable expectation for the owner to have of the project manager?
A. To finish the project within the budget
B. To finish the project on time
C. To finish as error free as possible
D. None of the above
D. None of the above
The utility company needs to install a new sewer line on a homeowner’s property. The right to do this work is protected by what?
An easement
If a labor and materials bond is not obtained, then what could possibly happen to the owner should the contractor fail to pay workers and suppliers?
The owner could be responsible for paying the workers and suppliers
- What is the best format to set up a project schedule for a small project that will last less than a month and take up to ninety hours of work?
Milestones schedule
A milestones schedule is the perfect way to create a work schedule for a small project and provides due dates for different deliverables based on certain timed events in the project. It is easy to create this type of schedule and will not take up a lot of time or budget to do so.
Which of the following is not an example of a recycled product? (Select all that apply)
A. Concrete sidewalks crushed and used as aggregate for asphalt roads
B. Granite block taken from an old roadway and reused as a street curb
C. Worn out tires installed along a stream bank for stabilization
D. Plastic water bottles remanufactured to create plastic lumber for a deck
B. Granite block taken from an old roadway and reused as a street curb
C. Worn out tires installed along a stream bank for stabilization
What is the purpose of conducting a concrete slump test?
To make sure the concrete has a consistency suitable to the requirements
A concrete slump test is performed during the pouring of concrete on a site in order to verify that it has a consistency that is suitable to requirements of the contract
Local zoning ordinances are responsible for setting what requirements? (Select all that apply)
A. Building codes
B. Land use intensity
C. Work site safety requirements
D. Land Uses
B. Land use intensity
D. Land Uses
A client has agreed to partake in a design charrette with the design team. At what point is it expected for the client to be an active participant in the charrette?
Throughout the entire charrette
The borough of Abenavoli has set aside eight million dollars in their construction budget to build a new town hall. What services are generally included in a construction budget? (Select all that apply)
A. Design of the project
B. Building the project
C. Paying in house staff to manage project
D. Inspecting and review of submittals for project
B. Building the project
