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BS - Reproductive System > Sexually Transmitted Infections > Flashcards

Sexually Transmitted Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Why is STI more appropriate than STD?

A

In a disease, infection leads to abnormal function

Not all sexually acquired infections cause symptoms

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2
Q

What is Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

A rare cancer that was observed in homosexuals

This had evidence of immuno-compromise due to AIDS

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3
Q

How many STI diagnoses were made in 2016 and how did this compare to the previous year?

A

420,000

This is 3.4% less than the previous year

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4
Q

What are the most commonly diagnosed STIs?

A
  1. chlamydia (49%)
  2. genital warts (15%)
  3. gonorrhoea (9%)
  4. genital herpes (7%)
  5. syphyllis (1.2%)
  6. HIV (0.8%)
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5
Q

Why is there an increased frequency of STI diagnoses?

A

There is now more STI testing through National Screening Programme

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6
Q

What other reasons are there for an increasing frequency of STI diagnoses?

A
  1. routine use of more sensitive diagnostic tests
  2. increased awareness and self-presentation to clinics
  3. ongoing unsafe sexual behaviour
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7
Q

What is a newly used more sensitive diagnostic test?

A

NAATS:

nucleic acid amplification tests

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8
Q

Typically, which gender has an increased number of diagnoses of STIs?

Why?

A

Males have more diagnoses

Due to increased risk taking behaviour and increased number of sexual partners

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9
Q

Which age group has the greatest number of STI diagnoses?

A

20-24

Followed by 25-29 and then 15-19

The number of diagnoses tends to decrease with age

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10
Q

What was significant about people aged 15-24?

A

They are most likely to report at least one new sex partner of the opposite sex in one year

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11
Q

What % of 15-24 year olds have chlamydia, gonorrhoea, genital warts and genital herpes?

A

62% chlamydia

52% gonorrhea

51% genital warts

41% genital herpes

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12
Q

Why are older age groups vulnerable to STIs?

A

They are less likely to see or engage with safer sex and sexual health messaging

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13
Q

How has the number of diagnoses in MSM changed?

A

The number of diagnoses has risen sharply in the last 10 years

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14
Q

What is of particular concern in the MSM group?

A

High levels of gonorrhoea transmission

This is due to the emergence of resistance or decreased susceptibility to antimicrobials used for treatment

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15
Q

Which locations have a higher rate of STI diagnoses?

A

Urban areas, especially London

It reflects the distribution of core groups of the population who are at greatest risk

and the access to diagnosis and treatment services

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16
Q

Which ethnicity group has the highest rate of STI diagnoses?

A

Black minority ethnicity

The majority of these cases are among people living in areas of high deprivation

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17
Q

What is the high rate of STI diagnoses likely to be the consequence of?

A
  1. complex interplay of cultural, economic and behavioural factors
  2. risk behaviours between ethnic groups
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18
Q

What is the rate of new chlamydia diagnoses?

How is it diagnosed?

A

352 per 100,000 population

It is the most common new STI diagnosis in the UK

It is diagnosed by genital swab

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19
Q

How long is the lifecycle of chlamydia?

A

48-72 hours

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20
Q

In what % of men and women is chlamydia asymptomatic?

A

50% of men and 80% of women

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of chlamydia?

A
  1. penile/vaginal discharge
  2. pelvic inflammatory disease

(pain and infertility)

  1. reactive arthritis
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22
Q

What are the symptoms of chlamydia in children?

A
  1. prematurity
  2. pneumonia
  3. conjunctivitis (blindness)
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23
Q

What are the 3 treatments for chlamydia?

A
  1. azithromycin
  2. erythromycin
  3. doxycycline
24
Q

What is the overall rate of diagnoses of new cases of gonorrhoea?

How is it diagnosed?

A

62 per 100,000

It is diagnosed by genital swab

25
Q

What is gonorrhoea caused by?

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae

26
Q

what % of gonorrhoea cases are accounted for by MSM?

A

65%

27
Q

In what % of men and women is gonorrhoea asymptomatic?

A

It is asymptomatic in 50% of women

It is symptomatic in 80% of men

28
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A
  1. urethral/vaginal discharge

2. pelvic inflammatory disease - infertility

29
Q

What is the treatment for gonorrhoea?

A

Ceftriaxone injection

This is usually given with the treatment for chlamydia

30
Q

What are the alternative names that have been used for AIDS?

A

GRID - gay-related immune deficiency

4H disease - homosexuals, heroin users, hemophiliacs, haitians

31
Q

What did HIV virus evolve from?

A

Simian immunodeficiency virus

SIV

32
Q

What is the difference between HIV 1 and HIV2?

A

HIV 1 originates in South Cameroon through the evolution of SIV(cpz)

HIV 2 originates in West Africa through the evolution of SIV(smm)

33
Q

What are the 3 stages in the lifecycle of HIV and the enzymes involved?

A
  1. reverse transcriptase
  2. integrase
  3. protease
34
Q

What is the role of reverse transcriptase?

A

It synthesises RNA into DNA

35
Q

What is the role of integrase?

A

It integrates viral DNA into the host genome

36
Q

What is the role of protease?

A

It cleaves the viral polyprotein

This leads to a viral protein that will leave the cell via budding

37
Q

What is the initial “syndrome” experienced after primary HIV infection?

How long does it last?

A

Acute HIV syndrome

It involves wide dissemination of the virus and seeding of the lymphoid organs

Lasts from weeks 3-9 post-infection

38
Q

How long does the clinical latency stage of HIV infection last for?

What happens once this stage ends?

A

Week 9 - Year 7 post infection

This then leads to symptoms of AIDS

39
Q

What are the symptoms like at initial infection and during the latency period?

A

flu-like symptoms at initial infection

the latency period is asymptomatic

40
Q

If HIV is untreated, how many years will it be until someone dies?

A

They will die after 11 years of being infected

41
Q

If HIV is untreated, what are the AIDS-defining symptoms that result?

A

Immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections

42
Q

What is the treatment for HIV and how does it work?

A

HAART

It acts as:

  1. fusion inhibitor
  2. reverse-transcriptase inhibitor
  3. integrase inhibitor
  4. protease inhibitor

This prevents replication of the virus

43
Q

What is the recommendation given to pregnant women with HIV?

A

All women should be on HAART

They should not breastfeed

44
Q

Under what conditions can a woman with HIV have a vaginal birth?

A

If viral load is < 50 HIV RNA at 36 weeks

45
Q

What is the rate of diagnoses of syphilis?

What % of diagnoses are men?

A

10 per 100,000 population

94% of all cases are men, with the highest rate being men aged 25-34

46
Q

How is syphilis diagnosed?

How has it increased over the last 10 years?

A

Diagnosed by blood test

Increased by over 600% in the last 10 years

47
Q

What are the stages of syphilis infection?

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. latency
  4. tertiary
48
Q

How does the primary stage of syphilis classicaly present?

A

A single chancre

This is a firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration

49
Q

How does secondary syphilis present itself?

A

A diffuse rash which frequently involves the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

There may also be sores in the mouth or the vagina

50
Q

How does latent syphilis present itself?

A

There are little to no symptoms

This phase can last for years

51
Q

How does tertiary syphilis present itself?

A
  1. gummas - soft non-cancerous growths
  2. neurological symptoms
  3. heart symptoms
52
Q

What is the treatment for syphilis?

A

It depends upon the stage of diagnosis

Often use penicillin

53
Q

What are the general ways to reduce the risk of being infected with an STI?

A
  1. consistent and correct condom use
  2. reducing the number of sexual partners
  3. avoidance of overlapping sexual relationships
54
Q

When should an STI screening programme be attended?

A
  1. annually

2. with a change of sexual partner

55
Q

When are MSM recommended to have an HIV/STI screen?

A

Annually or every 3 months if having condom-less sex with new or casual partners

56
Q

What organism causes chlamydia?

A

C. trachomatis

BS - Reproductive System (12 decks)

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