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253-Green Patho > Sexually Transmitted Diseases > Flashcards

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the common etiologies of STD ‘s

Who is at risk in particular?

A

• Most STD are viral or Bacterial (but protozoa, fungal, ectoparasites are all possible aetiologies
• Viral (recurring)
o Genitalia herpes, warts, aids
• Bacterial (exterminated)
o Syphilis, chlamydia infect
o Gonorrhea, chancroid
• Men vs Women
o Men: lesions more often external, more detectable
o Women: internal lesion, less detectable, larger surface area and probability of infection via sexual contact

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2
Q

What are the risks for STD’s

A
  • Multiple sex partners
  • Unsafe/high risk sex practices
  • Drug abuse
  • Medically under served communities
  • Prior STD’s
  • Non compliant STD Tx
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3
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type two Herpes

A

• Type II describes herpes simplex STD, Type I refers to basic cold sores. Both caused by same virus, but different strain

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4
Q

What cells or tissue does herpes prefer?

A

Virus is neurotropic microbe (prefers neurons)

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5
Q

How is the Herpes Virus Spread?

A

• Spread via contact with lesions (breaks or bursts) or secretions (mucous membrane active secretion e.g. cervix)
o Lesions include fluid and microbes described as a “shedding lesion”

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6
Q

What is the timeline for Herpes progression?

A

o 2-10 incubation
o Manifests 3-7days post contact
o However, can remain latent and subclinical

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7
Q

Describe the MNFTS and Tx of Herpes

A 
• Manifestations
    o Burning at site
    o Painful vesicles
    o Fever/muscle ache
• Tx
    o No cure
    o Recurrence major issue
    o Antivirals for flare ups
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8
Q

What causes genital Warts?

A

Caused by HPV (Human papillomavirus)

Strains 6 and 11

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9
Q

Why is someone with genital warts also at risk for Cancer?

What specifically causes Ca in this case?

A

If person has one strain of HPV they are at risk (similar sexual risk behaviours) for other meaning treatment for genital warts needs to include monitoring for CA.

CA caused by strains 16 and 18

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10
Q

Describe Genital Warts in general terms.

Presentation, Location, incubation, Cure

A

• Normally causes multiple benign growths
o Cauliflower shaped (i.e. stalk and irregular top)
• Genital or anorectal are common areas
• 1-2 months incubation
• no cure

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11
Q

Describe Tx for Genital Warts

A

o Remove warts
• Topical meds sx or cryotherapy
• Topical includes antimitotic or cytotoxic drugs
o Monitor for CA
o Vaccine Available (covers 4 key strains)
• Gardasil- requires 3 shots, good for 5 years

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12
Q

What is the etiology of Syphillis

A

•Bacterial infection – Treponema Pallidum

Part of spirocheter group known for spiral shape

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13
Q

What are the complications of Syphillis if allowed to progress?

Why is it silly for this to happen?

A

Blindness, paralysis, heart disease and death

It’s preventable and Treatable and will take time to progress to systemic infection that causes these complications

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14
Q

Syphillis timeline varies greatly.

Describe common incubation period and Stage one of the Disease

A

o 10-90 days incubation possible

o Stage 1 
• Develops in weeks and clears up 3-12 weeks.  Leads patient to believe it’s has gone.
•	Painless chancre (small oval vesicles)
•	Located at site of exposure
•	Regional lymphadenopathy
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15
Q

Describe Stage 2 of Syphillis

A 
o Stage 2
• Normally develops 6-8 weeks post infection and can last up to 6 months
• Maculopapular rash on palms and soles
• Patches on mucous membranes
• Flat papules
• Generalized lymphadenopathy
• Fever/malaise
• Eventually enters latent peiod
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16
Q

Describe Stage 3 of Syphillis

A

o Stage 3
• 1-35 years after untreated primary infections
• Irreversible damage to joints, bone, CVS and NS

17
Q

What is the Tx for Syphillis

A

• Tx
o Long acting penicillin
• R/t long generation time

18
Q

Describe Chlamydia

Etiology, incubation, character

A

• Caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis
o Tiny simple gram-Neg bacteria- difficult to isolate
• 7-21 days incubation
• Asymptomatic in most cases
• Obligate intracellular (i.e. must be inside cells)

19
Q

Describe male vs female symptoms of chlamydia

A 
Male
•	White / clear discharge 
•	mild dysuria
•	Testicular Pain
Female
•	Mucopurulent vaginal discharge
•	Dysuria
•	Bleeding 
•	Pelvic pain (PID)
20
Q

Tx for Chlamydia

A

• Doxycycline or azithromycin

Abx

21
Q

Describe Gonorrhea

Etiology, incubation and character

A

• Caused by Gram-neg Bacteria Neisseria gonorrhea
o Short diplocauces
• 3-8days incubation
• Local progresses to systemic

22
Q

Describe the Different Symptoms of Gonorrhea - Male vs Female

A 
Female
•	Purulent vaginal discharge
•	Dysuria, genital irritation, late pelvic pain
Male
•	Urethral discharge, dysuria
23
Q

Describe symptoms of systemic Gonorrhea

A

Systemic (Both M and F)
• Bacteremia (AKA Septecemia)
• Pharyngeal infect, conjunctivitis (related to touching eyes)
• Arthritis-dermitis syndrome
o Infm of joints after bacterial invasion (called septic arthritis)
o Microbe can also cause dermal infections

24
Q

Describe the Tx of Gonorrhea

A
  • 1rst line – cephalosporins
  • 2nd line- Inc dose and provide a second Abx

(Resistance is requiring inc in dosage)

25
Q

Describe HIV

A

o Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
o Targets immune system
o INc immune suppression -> opportunistic infections, CA (how?)
o No cure
o Chronic, progressive
o HIV → AIDS
o Retroviruses (RNA synthesizes DNA and insert into host cell)

26
Q

Describe reservoir and mode of transmission

A

o Et and Transmission HIV-1 and HIV-2

Reservoirs semen, blood, saliva

Transmission
• Sexual
• Contaminated blood
• Maternal (in utero, labor & delivery, lactation)
• Occupational (health workers) ~0.3% risk
o Needle stick most common (location, viral load)

27
Q

Describe Phase 1 of HIV

A

o Weeks to months (incubation varies a lot)

o Window period & seroconversion)
• WP refers to time taken for enough Ab to be detected by a test (3 months) (time taken post contact to get results)
• Seroconversion- process by which AB are formed

o High viral load and Dec CD4 count
• CD4 are receptors on t helper cells
• T helper cells being destroyed
• Measure CD4 protein content (through test as a High viral load causes T cell number to be low

28
Q

Describe the latent period of HIV

A 
o	Asymptomatic (years)
   • Sub clinically damage is still occurring

o Lymphatic tissue damage

o Recurrent respiratory infections (compromised defenses)

o Fatigue

29
Q

Describe phase 3 of HIV

A

o Within ~10yrs (new MNGMT means longer period)
o Targets T helper cells (CD4)
oAlso macrophages and B cells
o Destroys immune system -> dec immunity and defenses -> inc new infections and via latent pathogens
o Various organs affected

30
Q

Describe 4 diagnostic for HIV Dx

A

• ELISA (old school test)
o Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay
o Enzymatic rx test for AB against virus ( 3months required)

• Western blot assay
o Measure Abs against specific Ag related to HIV

• PCR (Polymerase chain reaction)
o Complex, used in research laboratories
o Measuring viral RNA

• NEWER
1) P24-Ag (viral protein found in HIV)
• This protein is released to blood by virus, allows early detection

2) NAT (Nucleic acid test)
• Test CD4 and viral loads

31
Q

MNFTS of HIV

A

• Many
• Opportunistic infections
• Respiratory (TB and Pneumonia)
• GI (infections)
• NS (dementia, encephalopathy)
o Encephalopathy is general term for diseases in brain not only liver issue we were talking about
• CA (Nothing to destroy abnormal cells, + CA related to viral infections that in turn cause CA)

32
Q

What CA ‘s are associated with HIV

A 
o Kaposi’s sarcoma (why sarcoma?)
   • Endothelial cells of blood vessels
   • Lesions go beyond vessel (skin, mouth, nodes)
o Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
o Cervical
33
Q

Tx for HIV

A

• No cure
• Antiviral Drugs (control proliferation)
o Cocktail combinations
o Different drugs target different step in virus reproduction
o Use several drugs, but side effects are an issue
o Referred to as retro antivirals

34
Q

What determines the line between Aids and HIV?

A

• Often look at CD4 cell count
o Below certain level CD4 (200ish?) +2 opportunistic infections = AIDS
o World health focuses on number of opportunistic infections (Over ~20 infections =aids)

253-Green Patho (21 decks)

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