Respiratory- Vascular Flashcards
What is Pulmonary Edema
Accumulation of fluid in the alveoli
What problems does fluid accumulation cause in Pulmonary Edema? (2)
Increase of diffusion distance, decreasing compliance (less space for air)
What are the Cardiac and Non Cardiogenic etiologies for Pulmonary Edema
• Usually LHF
• Non cardiogenic o IV fluid overload o Smoke inhalation (inflm inducing) o Aspiration o IV drug abuse (Narcotics- inc cap permeability, and …missed something in class)
Basic Patho of Pulmonary Edema?
• Fluid from blood to Interstitial Space to alveoli -> Dec resp. Fx
MNFTS of Pulmonary Edema?
- Dyspnea
- Productive Cough (frothy, maybe blood tinged…d/t cough)
- Dec Compliance
- crackles
What is the difference in MNFTS of Pulmonary edema versus a Pulmonary Effusion
Pulmonary Edema has a productive wet cough, Pulmonary effusion is a dry cough.
Though both will irritate of alveoli
Tx of Pulmonary Edema
• Resp support
• Cause (identify and treat)
o (Eg inc heart fx)
What is a Pulmonary Embolism?
Embolus in a pulmonary vessel
THROMBUS! (stationary vs embolism moving)
OR
o Fat (r/t fracture)
o Air (inotrogenic)
o Amniotic fluid (particulates)
(Notes and card will generally be referring to a Thrombus, since almost all embolisms are of this type)
What is the recurrence rate of a pulmonary embolism?
10% recurrence rate
I.e. if you’ve had one, what are the chances you’ll get another
Where are thrombi generally coming from that end up in pulmonary circuit
Iliac, popliteal or femoral veins
Patho of Pulmonary Embolism?
- DVT -> embolus -> thrombus in arterial bed -> impaired perf
- Ventilation: perfusion imbalance -> hypoxemia
- Platelets degranulate -> (mediators) -> bronchial and pulmonary artery constriction -> hemodynamic instability
- Reflexive Bronchoconstriction
- Reduced CO output (r/t dec return to left side)
- Loss of surfactant (reduce 02 to to secretory cells means dec secretion) -> atelectasis
- RHF (d/t increase workload)
What are the risk factors for thrombus formation?
Virchows Triad- stasis, hypercoagulability, venous endothelial injury
MNFTS of Pulmonary Embolism
• Based on size and site
• Usually:
o Chest pain, tachypnea, dyspnea (d/t hypoxia)
• Tachycardia to inc CO (Weak and rapid pulse)
Dx of Pulmonary embolism?
- Hx, Px
- ABG’s
- LDH 3
- Lung Scan
- Chest CT
- Pulmonary angiogram (Evasive, but more specific)
What is LDH3 and why use it to Dx pulmonary Embolism
Lactate Dehydrogenase – enzyme present in high quantities in lung tissue
Works as serum marker for tissue damage in that area
How does a Lung scan work?
AKA Ventilation-Perfusion scan
HSA (human serum albumin) is Pushed IV
(just to fill vessels?)
Iodine radioactively marked 131 is inhaled.
You then watch radioactive Iodine with gamma camera distribute into circulatory system and look for blockages.
Tx for Pulmonary Embolism
- Stat tx provides better prognosis
- Anticoagulant and thrombolytics (fat or air would be different)
- Cardiopulmonary support (avoid shock)
- Treat DVT issues
What is Pulmonary HTN
• Sustained inc of pressure in pulmonary circuit
o (> 25mmHg : Normal is ~15)
What characterizes the pulmonary circuit and what affects pressure in the system
Low pressure system.
If CO increases -> Minimal increase in pulmonary pressure
Pulmonary vasoconstriction -> inc in pressure
What is Pulmonary HTN often secondary to?
Secondary to cardiac and pulmonary problems
Describe 3 distinct etiologies that would lead to P HTN
o Increase in pulmonary volume (eg cardiac septal defects)
• Blood from LV into RV
o Hypoxemia
• Vasoconstriction in lungs limits CO2 to rest of body (Hypoxia causes vasodilation in every other tissue but the lungs… In pulmonary circuit = vasoconstriction)
o Inc pulmonary venous pressure (ex congestion from Left sided heart failure)
MNFTS of P HTN
• Dyspnea, syncope and chest pain on exertion
• Those of R sided Heart Failure (pumping against increased resistance)
• Fatigue
• On chest Xray
o Distention of pulmonary artery
o Hypertrophy of Right Ventricle
What is Syncope?
Temporary loss of consciousness r/t drop in Bp
Tx for P HTN?
- Cause (Identify and Treat)
- Vasodilators (causing systemic issues)
- Dec in prognosis if severe
