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Bio Chem > Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what does Asexual Reproduction produce?

A

clones

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2
Q

what are clones?

A

genetically identical copies

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3
Q

what is mitosis a form of?

A

asexual reproduction

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4
Q

what does the parent cell produce?

A

identical daughter cells

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5
Q

what is mitosis used for?

A

reproduction, growth & development. and repair

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6
Q

what are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

they don’t need to find a partner ; they can reproduce by themselves

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7
Q

what are the disadvantages to asexual reproduction?

A

there is no chance to improve the species ; they can’t evolve

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8
Q

what are examples of asexual reproduction?

A

yeast, Paramecium, Amoeba, and Hydra

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9
Q

what does sexual reproduction produce?

A

gametes

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10
Q

what are gametes?

A

genetically different zygotes

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11
Q

what are the phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, M

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12
Q

what happens in G1?

A

resting and growth

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13
Q

what happens in S phase?

A

DNA replication

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14
Q

what happens in G2?

A

growth and prep for mitosis

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15
Q

what happens in M phase?

A

mitosis

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16
Q

what happens to normal cells need to do during the cell cycle?

A

they need to divide

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17
Q

what do cells need to so when the surface area to volume ration becomes too small?

A

cells need to divide

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18
Q

what happens when cells grow?

A

their volume increases faster than their surface area

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19
Q

what happens during prophase?

A

DNA folds into chromosomes and chromosomes are duplicated

20
Q

what happens during metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers

21
Q

what happens during anaphase?

A

chromosomes separate and start moving to opposite ends of the cell

22
Q

what happens during telophase?

A

cytokinesis occurs and cells start to divide and the nucleus forms again

23
Q

what is the result of mitosis?

A

there are 2 exact genetic copies of the original cells ; the cells are clones with the same DNA

24
Q

how many chromosomes per cell at the start and at the end of mitosis?

A

there are 2 chromosomes at the start and 2 at the end

25
Q

where is an an example of where mitosis can be observed?

A

a whitefish embryo

26
Q

what is crossing-over and when does it occur?

A

crossing over is when chromosomes exchange genes during meiosis 1

27
Q

how many possibilities are there for each sperm?

A

70,368,744,000,000 possibilities

28
Q

what is gene frequency?

A

the amount of a particular allele present in a given population

29
Q

what is a gene pool?

A

all of the genes available in a given population

30
Q

what is mitosis?

A

mitosis is a process of cell division in eukaryotic cells that results in the production of 2 genetically identical daughter cells. it plays a crucial role in growth repair and maintenance of multicellular organisms.

31
Q

what are the phases of mitosis in order?

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

32
Q

what happens during interphase in mitosis?

A

the cell prepares for division by growing and duplicating its DNA

33
Q

what happens during prophase during mitosis?

A

chromosomes condense, becoming visible under a microscope. the nuclear envelops dissolves, and spindle fibers form.

34
Q

what happens during metaphase during mitosis?

A

chromosomes align at the cells equator, known as the metaphase plate

35
Q

what happens during anaphase during mitosis?

A

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, pulled by the spindle fibers

36
Q

what happens during telophase during mitosis?

A

chromatids reach the poles, and new nuclear envelopes form around them. the chromosomes begin the de-condense

37
Q

what happens during cytokinesis during mitosis?

A

the cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating 2 distinct daughter cells, each with a complete set of chromosomes

38
Q

what happens during meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms, resulting in
the production of gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent
cell. The process involves two sequential divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II, each consisting of prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase stages.

39
Q

what happens during prophase 1 of meiosis 1?

A

chromosomes get cozy and swap tails (crossing over). the cell gets ready for division

40
Q

what happens during metaphase 1 of meiosis 1?

A

chromosomes line up with their partner (homologous chromosomes) in the middle

41
Q

what happens during anaphase 1 of meiosis 1

A

partners separate and go to opposite sides

42
Q

what happens during telophase 1 of meiosis 1?

A

the cell divides into 2, each with half the number of chromosomes. it’s like having 2 cells, but each still has 2 strands (chromatids)

43
Q

what happens during prophase 2 of meiosis 2?

A

if there was a nuclear envelope, it disapears. new spindle fibers show up

44
Q

what happens during metaphase 2 of meiosis 2?

A

chromosomes line up in each of the two cells

45
Q

what happens in anaphase 2 of meiosis 2?

A

the strands (now called chromosomes) split and move to opposite sides

46
Q

what happens during telophase 2 during meiosis 2?

A

the cell divides again, and you end up with four cells, each with just one strand (chromosome)

47
Q

what is the result of meiosis?

A

starting with one cell, you end up with four cells, and each has half the number of chromosomes.
This is crucial for making special cells (gametes) for reproduction, ensuring the offspring gets a mix of
traits from both parents.

Bio Chem (7 decks)

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