Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction Flashcards
what does Asexual Reproduction produce?
clones
what are clones?
genetically identical copies
what is mitosis a form of?
asexual reproduction
what does the parent cell produce?
identical daughter cells
what is mitosis used for?
reproduction, growth & development. and repair
what are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
they don’t need to find a partner ; they can reproduce by themselves
what are the disadvantages to asexual reproduction?
there is no chance to improve the species ; they can’t evolve
what are examples of asexual reproduction?
yeast, Paramecium, Amoeba, and Hydra
what does sexual reproduction produce?
gametes
what are gametes?
genetically different zygotes
what are the phases of the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, M
what happens in G1?
resting and growth
what happens in S phase?
DNA replication
what happens in G2?
growth and prep for mitosis
what happens in M phase?
mitosis
what happens to normal cells need to do during the cell cycle?
they need to divide
what do cells need to so when the surface area to volume ration becomes too small?
cells need to divide
what happens when cells grow?
their volume increases faster than their surface area
what happens during prophase?
DNA folds into chromosomes and chromosomes are duplicated
what happens during metaphase?
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers
what happens during anaphase?
chromosomes separate and start moving to opposite ends of the cell
what happens during telophase?
cytokinesis occurs and cells start to divide and the nucleus forms again
what is the result of mitosis?
there are 2 exact genetic copies of the original cells ; the cells are clones with the same DNA
how many chromosomes per cell at the start and at the end of mitosis?
there are 2 chromosomes at the start and 2 at the end
where is an an example of where mitosis can be observed?
a whitefish embryo
what is crossing-over and when does it occur?
crossing over is when chromosomes exchange genes during meiosis 1
how many possibilities are there for each sperm?
70,368,744,000,000 possibilities
what is gene frequency?
the amount of a particular allele present in a given population
what is a gene pool?
all of the genes available in a given population
what is mitosis?
mitosis is a process of cell division in eukaryotic cells that results in the production of 2 genetically identical daughter cells. it plays a crucial role in growth repair and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
what are the phases of mitosis in order?
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
what happens during interphase in mitosis?
the cell prepares for division by growing and duplicating its DNA
what happens during prophase during mitosis?
chromosomes condense, becoming visible under a microscope. the nuclear envelops dissolves, and spindle fibers form.
what happens during metaphase during mitosis?
chromosomes align at the cells equator, known as the metaphase plate
what happens during anaphase during mitosis?
sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, pulled by the spindle fibers
what happens during telophase during mitosis?
chromatids reach the poles, and new nuclear envelopes form around them. the chromosomes begin the de-condense
what happens during cytokinesis during mitosis?
the cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating 2 distinct daughter cells, each with a complete set of chromosomes
what happens during meiosis?
Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms, resulting in
the production of gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent
cell. The process involves two sequential divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II, each consisting of prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase stages.
what happens during prophase 1 of meiosis 1?
chromosomes get cozy and swap tails (crossing over). the cell gets ready for division
what happens during metaphase 1 of meiosis 1?
chromosomes line up with their partner (homologous chromosomes) in the middle
what happens during anaphase 1 of meiosis 1
partners separate and go to opposite sides
what happens during telophase 1 of meiosis 1?
the cell divides into 2, each with half the number of chromosomes. it’s like having 2 cells, but each still has 2 strands (chromatids)
what happens during prophase 2 of meiosis 2?
if there was a nuclear envelope, it disapears. new spindle fibers show up
what happens during metaphase 2 of meiosis 2?
chromosomes line up in each of the two cells
what happens in anaphase 2 of meiosis 2?
the strands (now called chromosomes) split and move to opposite sides
what happens during telophase 2 during meiosis 2?
the cell divides again, and you end up with four cells, each with just one strand (chromosome)
what is the result of meiosis?
starting with one cell, you end up with four cells, and each has half the number of chromosomes.
This is crucial for making special cells (gametes) for reproduction, ensuring the offspring gets a mix of
traits from both parents.
