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Sexual violence Flashcards

1
Q

what is sexual violence?

A

any unwanted sexual act or activity
includes but is not restricted to: rape, sexual assault, CSA, CSE, sexual harassment, rape within marriage/relationships, forced marriage, HBV, FGM, trafficking, sexual exploitation & ritual abuse

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2
Q

sexual violence characteristics

A

gender neutral
non-legal

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3
Q

sexual violence & legislation

A

context dependent

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4
Q

context

A

legal definition varies over time/place
FGM illegal in UK, practices in 30 countries (Africa, Middle East, Asia)
consent age varies by jurisdiction globally/EU

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5
Q

UK legislation

A

homosexuality: decriminalized 1967 between 2 men if both 21+
consent age: reduced from 21 to 18 1994 to 16 2000
male rape & rape within marriage in criminal law since 1994sex

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6
Q

sexual offences act 2003

A

sets out sexual acts prohibited by law
replaced sexual offences act 1956
reformed law to reflect changes in social attitude, updating existing rape laws= greater protection to children/vulnerable adults

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7
Q

consent & age - England & Wales

A

sexual activity w under 16 y/o = offence
consent age is same regardless of gender/sexual orientation
extra protection to children under 13
protects young ppl over consent age but under 18

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8
Q

illegal to

A

take, show, distribute indecent material of under 18 y/o
pay for/arrange sexual services of under 18 y/o
person in position of trust (e.g. teacher) to engage in sexual activity w under 18 y/o in their care/organisation

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9
Q

legislation

A

underage sexual activity- and up to adulthood sexual activity, should always be seen as possible indicator of CSE/CSA

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10
Q

age of consent debate-Russel Brand debate

A

calls for ‘staggered ages of consent’
individuals between 16 and 18 can have relations w ppl in same age bracket

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11
Q

CSA

A

when a child/young person is forced, or enticed, to take part in sexual activities
regardless of level of violence/child’s awareness it’s CSA

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12
Q

CSE

A

type of child abuse
young person is encouraged, or forced, to take part in sexual activity in exchange for something
any child under 18

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13
Q

technology facilitated sexual violence (TFSV)

A

range of behaviours
digital technologies used to facilitate/extend sexual violence
types against children: sexting, grooming, indecent images of children (IIOC)

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14
Q

perpetrators of CSA

A

1 in 20 11-17 y/o reported contact sexual abuse (defined by criminal law)
2/3 of these said it was perpetrated by other children/under 18’s
0.7% of all children reported contact sexual abuse by adult
80% of these was by known adult

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15
Q

peer on peer abuse & harmful sexual behaviour (HSB)

A

HSB: continuum of behaviours displayed by children/young ppl under 18
ranging from ‘innappropriate’ at that age or developmental stage to ‘problematic’, ‘abusive’, and ‘violent’ behaviours (Smith et al., 2014)

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16
Q

ofsted report

A

90% girls, nearly 50%: being sent explicit pics/vids of things they didn’t want to see happens a lot to them/their peers
92% girls, 74% boys: sexist name calling happens a lot to them/their peers

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17
Q

perpetrators of IIOC

A

diverse group regarding demographic risk & profiles
range in age from adolescence to pensioners
majority male
all backgrounds & ethnicities
some already committed contact sexual offences against children
some use internet-online/grooming
some behaviour doesn’t go beyond online
re-convicted at lower rate than those who’ve committed sexual offences against children

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18
Q

victims of CSA

A

girls more likely to experience CSA
The Radford (2011) study: age groups under 11’s, 11-17, 18-24 girls more likely to have experienced sexual abuse
child protection data=girls more likely subject to child protection plan for sexual abuse
vast majority abused by someone they knew
stranger perpetrators (Gallagher et al. 2008)

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19
Q

sexual offences against adults

A

rape- not consensual (includes stealthing)
SA- touching w/o consent
spiking-alcohol/drugs w/o consent to rape/sexually assault them
indecent exposure/ or ‘flashing’

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20
Q

sexual harassment

A

unwanted sexual behaviour
certain behaviours captured by existing laws
#METOO movement-public sexual/street harassment

21
Q

sexual harassment statistics

A

1 in 2 women, 1 in 6 men felt unsafe walking alone after dark in quiet street near home
1 in 2 women aged 16-34 experienced 1 form of harassment in previous 12 months
38% experienced cat calls, whistles, unwanted sexual comments/jokes
25% felt they were being followed

22
Q

sexual harassment legislation

A

The protection from sexbased harassment in public Bill passed sep 18 2023
adds new section to public order act 1986
new harsher sentences if someone deliberately publicly harasses, alarms, or distresses someone bc of their sex- max sentence increasing from 6m to 2 yr

23
Q

TFSV against adults

A

online sexual harassment- unwanted sexual attention e.g. explicit comments, image-based harassment (dick pics, sexual coercion)
imaged based sexual abuse- non-consensual taking (upskirting), sharing (revenge porn), threats to share nude/sexual images
tech-facilitated sexual assault- tech used to procure rape/SA e.g. meeting online before assaulting

24
Q

consenting adults- sexual offences act

A

a person consents to sexual activity ‘if they agree by choice, and have the freedom and capacity to make that choice’

25
what doesn't legally constitutes 'consent'
use of force/fear of force victim was unconscious e.g. sleeping impersonation of another e.g. complainants husband complainant is fundamentally mistaken as to nature of the act complainant didn't have understanding/knowledge to decide whether to consent/resist complainant was so drunk/drugged they couldn't consent
26
how is consent given?
affirmative consent vs performative methods context dependent? does being in a relationship further complicate communication of consent? different interpretation of what consent is (Cowan 2011) consent an internal thought or external action signalled by performative or verbally (Muehlenhard et al., 2016; Benoit & Ronas, 2022; Graf & Johnson, 2020)
27
consent & gendered expectations- sex & rape
communication of consent influenced by gendered expectations around sexual behaviour sexual scripts: 'guides' or 'parameters' determine sexual encounter consent expectations men are 'initiators', women 'gatekeepers' to sexual activity (communicate consent/lack of)
28
consenting adults
key legal component for determining rape/sex occurred lack of understanding of consent reinforces images of 'ideal' victim
29
consenting adults- statistics
97% believe definitely rape & illegal if stranger forces themselves onto woman in park at night vs 89% believe its rape if man has sex w woman who is v drunk/asleep 1/3 of men: women flirting on date= wouldn't be rape even if no consent almost 1/4 don't think sex w/o consent in LT relationship is rape 33% sex w/o consent but no physical violence isn't really rape
30
perpetrators and gender
SOA: gender neutrality- offences perpetrated against/by either gender transgender ppl to be treated equally
31
SOA, rape & gender
laws go some way in reinforcing behaviour is wrong (Durkheim) uphold gender stereotypes abt women as perpetrators, men as victims: 'oh you're a guy, how could you be raped by a woman'? (Weare, 2018)
32
SOA, rape & gender-sentencing
rape: life sentence assault by penetration: life sentence causing person to engage in sexual activity w/o consent= max sentence 10 yrs
33
data
CSEW police recorded data operation Yewtree #METOO, #TIMESUP campaign
34
prevalence- IBSA
non-consensual taking, sharing, threats to share nude/sexual images motives: revenge, control, extortion, entertainment etc men more likely to perpetrate men/women=different experiences women: severe, LT abuse, greater effect intimate partners/ex/dating partners (Powell & Henry 2017; 2019)
35
biological/psychological theories
perpetrators physiologically/psychologically distinct from non-criminals perpetrators have less self-control, abnormal personality traits Cesare Lombroso: criminals minds inherited modern theories: dysfunction of different brain regions responsible for thoughts, emotions, behaviours genetic, hormonal, neurological predisposal
36
psychopathy & sex offenders
clinical concept- lack of empathy, antisocial behaviour, inability to control behaviour sex offenders have higher prevalence of personality disorders vs other crimes- those w adult victims have higher prevalence of antisocial personality disorder vs child victims (Arbanas, 2022) increased risk not 'cause and effect'
37
psychological effects of alcohol and drugs
intoxication of victim- more frequent in rapes where 2 parties are casual friends/strangers, little/no evidence of physical force significant victim intoxication=higher chance of SA by stranger= greater likelihood rape incapacitated assault/rape: unwanted sexual act (oral, anal, vaginal penetration) after victim voluntarily uses drugs/alcohol (too drunk to consent) intoxication of perpetrator effects on cognitive & motor skills (Zinzow et al. 2015)
38
sexual orientation & 'paedophilia'
German prevention network "Kein Tater Werden" ("don't offend")
39
sexual orientation & 'paedophilia'- clinical definition
someone who has primary/exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children sexual orientation, unlikely to change not all child sex offenders are paedophiles 40% offenders= paedophilic offenders
40
sociological theories
focus on social contexts, societal norms & people's attitudes sexual violence as learned behaviour
41
psycho-social explanations
cycle of CSA: victims become offenders (Plummer & Cossins) psychological effects of ACE's CSA as learnt behaviour
42
psychological effects of ACE's (adverse childhood experiences)
potentially traumatic events occurring in childhood linked to development of serious psychopathology & maladaptive personality traits (Beach & Mitchel) physical & sexual abuse risk factors for adult sexual aggression & linked to offending
43
CSA as learnt behaviour
development & repetition of sex offenders via SA as child learning of sexual aggression victims normalise own experience & repeat findings abt higher risk not cause & effect
44
limitations of the cycle of abuse
why don't all children subject to such experiences become perpetrators? why is the cycle of abuse different for boys & girls? why are male victims of CSA more likely to abuse girls/women? early childhood experiences interact w peer norms & cultural beliefs?
45
feminist theories
focus on structural inequalities between men & women & impact on crime/society e.g. sexual violence resulting from patriarchal society that supports violence
46
feminist explanations
how gender interacts w experiences of perpetration/victimisation=useful context to understand sexual violence stress importance of transmission of beliefs, values & norms conducive to sexual violence learned 'hegemonic masculinity' (Connell, Hearn) cultural views abt women & girls
47
feminist usefulness
explain gender effect: CSA CSE (Hallett et al) stranger perpetrators (Gallagher et al) sexual objectification of girls (Eduardo et al) CSA & cycle of abuse- boys reassertion of masculinity (Zinzow & Thompson) rape supportive attitudes & beliefs
48
feminist sociology limitations
fully explains all types of sexual violence? heteronormative assumptions of female victim, male perpetrator contributes to invisibility of certain victims e.g. male, LGBTQ+
49
radical feminist explanations
looks at sexual violence from societal perspective not case by case basis Brownmillers book 'against our will: men, women and rape'-feminist anti-rape movement systemic nature of sexual violence men benefit from subordination of women via threat of sexual violence sexual violence should be seen as collective experience not individual harm Bates 'everyday sexism' project highlights normalisation of VAW

Offending & Victimisation (2 decks)

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