domestic violence & abuse Flashcards
(41 cards)
who
pre 1970’s DV ‘private affair’- shift direct result of 1970’s feminist activism
use of the term ‘battered woman’/’wife batterer’ (Tierney)
1971 Chinswick womens aid established 1st widely publicised shelter for battered women in ldn
battered womens shelter/movement helped turn private issues into political ones
Pizzy E. scream quietly or neighbours will hear
DV & matrimonial proceedings act 1976
little change: problems posed by police discretion & sexist attitudes of officers (Stanko 1985)
who
The Home Affair Select Committee - abuse occurring within context of close relationship
2005, the Home Office promoted gender-neutral definition: adults who are/have been intimate partners/family members regardless of gender/sexuality
Home Office 2012, those aged 16/over “”
the Domestic Abuse Act 2021
‘personally connected’- are/have been in an intimate relationship, married, civil partners, agree or have agreed to marry each other, have had, or have a parental relationship to a child/relatives
the victim and perpetrator don’t have to cohabit/have relationship
intimate partners/ex partners: Intimate partner violence (IPV) (16+)-current & former spouses/partners
sibling abuse
adolescent to parent violence & abuse (APVA)
elder abuse
children under 18 see, hear, experience effects of abuse also victims
children as victims of DVA
1 in 7 children & ppl under 18 have lived w DVA (women’s aid 2022)
witnessing DVA= develop age-dependent negative effects including short & long term cognitive behavioural & emotional effects, direct physical consequences & even death (Stiles, Moffitt & Klaus Grawe)
development difficulties associated with poor outcomes in later life- mental & physical health problems, criminal justice contact & socioeconomic adversity (Whitten et al)
children exposed to DVA more likely to experience perpetrate DVA as adults (Stiles)
non legal term
no single criminal offence of ‘domestic violence & abuse’, many forms are crimes
prosecut3ed as part of CPS violence against women & girls strategy
approach used for all perpetrators & victims, irrespective of gender
offences recorded under respective offence committed but flagged as domestic abuse related
characteristics
closely associated with physical violence perpetrated by 1 person against another
DV & abuse (DVA)
comprises physical, sexual, violent/threatening, cotrolling/coercive behaviour, economic abuse & psych/emotional abuse
‘any incident or pattern of incidents’ (Home Office 2012)
pattern of behaviour used in controll/entrapment
behavioural features of (male on female) intimate partner violence
physical & sexual violence
subtle, continual behaviours-emotional, financial & controlling behaviours
inner tactics used & experienced differently in abusive relationships/change over time
enduring condition
domestic abuse doesn’t have to involve physical violence
coercive control
section 76 of the serious Crime Act 2015-controlling or coercive behaviour in an intimate or family relationship
captures the ‘minimal elements of DV from a medical or a criminal justice standpoint (stark, 2007)
reaffirms DVA as patterns of behaviour, not just single incidents
controlling behaviour (serious crime act 2015)
a range of acts designed to make a person subordinate and/or dependent by isolating them from success of support, exploiting their resources & capacities for personal gain, depriving them of the means needed for independence, resistance & escape & regulating their everyday behaviour
coercive behaviour (serious crime act 2015)
an act or a pattern of acts of assault, threats, humiliation and intimidation or other abuse that is used to harm, punish, or frighten their victim (Home Office 2013)
technology facilitated IPV
cyber surveillance: using connected devices/apps to monitor places & people
smart homes: use of cameras/devices
mobile phones: phones/tablets
monitoring
GPS
technology facilitated IPV-harassment
repeated attempts to impose unwanted communications/contact in a manner that could cause distress or fear
technology facilitated IPV-stalking
stalking: technology used to create sense of perp being ever-present in victims’ lives through constant calls/texts (Woodlock, 2017)
UK prevalence-CSEW ending march “24
4.8% of ppl 16/over experienced domestic abuse
women more likely to experience DV&A ending march “23, est 1.4m women & 751,000 men 16/over experienced domestic abuse in last year- approx 6 in 100 women & 3 in 100 men
higher % adults experienced intimate partner violence-DA by partner/ex-partner than fam member
male on female intimate partner violence (IPV)
behaviour that causes physical, sexual, psychological harm e.g. aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse & controlling behaviours
former & current spouses/partners
globally recognised as gendered issue, disproportionately affecting women
worldwide almost 27% women aged 15-49 subject to physical/sexual violence by partner
male on female IPV major public health problem & violation of women’s human rights
impact of IPV-physical
death
broken bones
sprains
cuts
bruises
digestive issues
eating problems
pain of back, neck, abdomen, stomach, genital area
headaches
fainting
seizures
hypertension
urinary tract or vaginal infections
STI
sexual dysfunction, miscarriage
impact of IPV-psychological
psychological distress-fear, vulnerability, shame
PTSD
high levels of depression & anxiety
self-harm
suicidal thoughts & attempts
alcohol & drug misuse
implications of IPV- women’s health
2 women/week killed by current/former partner in England & Wales
approx 1 in 8 female UK suicide attempts caused by DV/A
200 women committing suicide, 10,000 attempts due to DV/A every year in UK
30% DA begins during pregnancy, 40-60%
women abused during pregnancy (Cooper 2013)
violence against women associated w unplanned pregnancy (Millar 2010)-trigger/escalate abuse
cost of IPV/DVA-Walby (2004, 2009)
- cost of public services
- value of the lost economic output
- the human & emotional costs
aggregate annual cost in UK in 2001 £23 billion; 2008 £16billion
cost of IPV/DVA-Oliver et al (2019)
- anticipation (expenditure on protective & preventive measures)
- consequence (property damage, physical & emotional harms, lost output, health & victim services)
- responses (police & CJS)
approx cost £66billion for year ending march 2017
understanding DVA
current knowledge focuses on IPV from samples of women in relationships w men
draw on theories applied to sexual violence
psychological explanations
effects of alcohol & drug use
perpetrators using “ more likely to inflict injuries, emotional abuse, escalate frequency/severity of DV (Robinson & Clancy 2021)
substance dependent men 7x more likely to be arrested for abuse
IPA & substance use
link between IPA & substance use
(Gilchrist et al 2023)
research from narrative interviews w male substance: rarely only explanation-mental health/past trauma justify & contextualise behaviour or uncharacteristic isolated events arising from specific disputes
sociological explanations
DVA as learned behaviour (Akers SLT & offending)
Straus-children who witnessed parental violence 3x more likely to be violent to own partners
