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Fall 2021: Psychology of Criminal Behaviour > Sexual Violence > Flashcards

Sexual Violence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definiton of sexual assault?

A

It is an umbrella term for all sexual behaviour that happen without consent

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2
Q

___/100 sexual assault are reported to the police in Canada.
___% of date rapes are reported to the police
1/? women will be sexually assaulted

A

6
1-2
4

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3
Q

What are the things we need to remember with the stats shown in class? 3

A

Far more common than we think
young/vulnerable women are often the target
mostly committed by someone close to the victim

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4
Q

What happened to the definiton of sexual assault before and after 1983?

A

Not just women
Not just rape
Not just outside marriage

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5
Q

Simple sexual assault sentence? definition
SA with weapon sentence? definition
Aggravated SA sentence? definition

A

10y
14y - weapon, threats, causing bodily harm
maximum to life: wounds, disfigure, endangers life

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6
Q

What is the definiton of consent?

A

Volountary agreemet, by words or conduct, to engage in sexual activity

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7
Q

What are the cases in which someone cant give consent

A
  • someone else gave consent

- abuse position of trust, authority, power

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8
Q

Out of all sexual assault cases reported:
____% of victims are female.
____% of aggressors are men

A

87

99

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9
Q

Female victim, female agressor = __% female egressed

Male victims, male aggressor = ____% of male egressed

A

1

83

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10
Q

What is the difference of age (matched or different) when it comes to physical and sexual assault?

A

Physical: age-matched

Sexual Assault: agressor often older (83%)

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11
Q

Amount of says (approximate)

  • victim and aggressor are related
  • victim is less than 13
  • person is above 14
  • victim was a child of the aggressor
A

300 days
200 days
20 days
350 days

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12
Q

Why do adult victims delay reporting?

A

didnt feel importsnt
too personal
already dealt with
don’t know if will be believed

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13
Q

Why do child victims delay?

A

Scared what will happen to parents or them
don’t know if they will be believed
think it was their fault
not aware it was unacceptable

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14
Q

What are rape myths?

A

beliefs or attitudes that are mostly false but widely held and severe to deny/justify male sexual aggression against women

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15
Q

What are the 7 themes of sexual assault? Explain if necessary

A

Asked for it
Wasnt really rape if…
Didnt mean it
She lied
Rape trivial event (coulve been worse) (if not a virgin, not a big deal)
Rape is a deviant event (only happen to certain people)

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16
Q

What do rape myths promote?

A

victim-blaming, perpatrator defending

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17
Q

What is the social cognitive effect of rape myths?

A

Play a major role in the way we see and interpret the world. Someone who mostly believe stereotypes and rape myths

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18
Q

Explain how group membership affects sexual assault?

A

If the victim is in our group, we want harsher consequences to the perpetrator,
If the offender is in our group, more likely to defend them.

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19
Q

What is memory fragmentation? How does it happen?

A

Hormones released and impact way memory is encoded

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20
Q

What is tonic immobility? How does it happen? %

A

12-50%

Hormones handle fight or fly, but sometimes create a paralysis.

21
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

Process of remebering after traumatic event

22
Q

What are the 5 rapist-vocabulary that justify rape?

3 that excuse rape?

A 
1- Women act as seductress
2- When women say no, mean yes
3- most women eventually enjoy rape
4- nice girls don't get raped
5- minor wrongdoing, wasn't a big deal

1- alcohol or drugs
2- emotional problems
3- nice guy image

23
Q

What are the 5 categories of sexual offenders?

A 
voyeurs
exhibitionist 
rapists 
child molesters
pedophilia
24
Q

What is an intra-familial sexual assault?

A

Incest

25
Q

Name and describe the 5 typologies from MTC:

A

1- Opportunist: Controlled by the situation. Sexual fantasies. Impulsive
2- Pervasively Angry: General anger, unnecessary force. No sexual
3- Sexual non-sadistic: sexual pleasure and fantasy
4- Sexual Sadistic: overt aggression, want to inflict pain.
5- Vindictive: hates women - degrade them. No pleasure, not impulsive.

26
Q

name and describe the 3 typologies by Groth: Prevalence

A

1- Anger: not sexual, degrading victim. Doesn’t recognize who the anger is towards. 50%
2- Power: Assert dominance and control. Involves rape fantasies. Uses force if victim not submissive.
3- Sadistic: Pleasure from giving pain. Injury and death and sexual fantasies.

27
Q

What are the two typologies for child molesters?

A

Fixated: sexual orientation to children. pedophiles. fantasy and thought. More male children. Planned. No distress. No history of alcohol or drug. Immature

Regressed: primary orientation is adults. More impulsive, drug and alcohol problems. Marital problems. Feel more remorse.

28
Q

What are the two ways child molesters approach their victims? What are the subcategories

A

Sex pressure: owed something, obligated
Sex Forced: threat or forced.
===== exploitative
===== sadistic

29
Q

What are the limitations of the typologies presented?

A

mostly studied adult male offenders.

30
Q

What do we know about adolescent child molesters?

A 
Victimization survey: 
all SA - 20% done by adolescents
commit 30-50% of child sex abuse 
Targets young females that are over the age of 9
History of sexual abuse
31
Q

What do we know about female sex offenders:

A

2-5% of incarcerated sex offenders
More likely to have male/stranger victims
Often work in groups
Rarely reoffend compared to men

32
Q

What are the typologies for female offenders (unreliable)

A

Male-coerced: passive motivated by fear
Male-accompanied: more willing, motivated by anger, socially isolated
Teacher-Lover: Offender is in love with a student.
Predisposed

33
Q

What are the two best indicators of recidivism?

A

Deviant sexual interests and general anti-sociality

34
Q

What is penile arousal?

A

Merecury rubber around penis and send electric shocks

35
Q

What is the arousal level of community men versus violent offenders versus rapists in:
Neutral stories
Consentual sexual scenarios
rape scenarios and non-sexual violence

A

Community men and violent offenders not aroused by neutral and rape
Aroused consentual
Rapists little arousal when consentual - significant arousal in rape stories

36
Q

What was the arousal level with 3D version of people (female male adult child) for control group versus child molesters

A

control not aroused to children

child molesters arousal child female

37
Q

Adolescent sex offenders ___ sexual abuse than non-sex offenders

A

more

38
Q

Why is it especially important to treat sex offenders?

A

Because they will most likely reintegrate society

39
Q

What are the 6 elements that can be mentioned in therapy?

A

Recognizing: works on denial, minimizations and cognitive distortions
Enhancing social skills: basic social interactions
Empathy training: empathy for the victim
Treating substance abuse:
Modifying deviant sexual interests
Relapse prevention

40
Q

What are the 4 ways to modifying deviant sexual interests? Most efficient?

A 
Physical treatment: 
Castration, pharmacology
Behavioural: 
- aversive conditioning
- cognitive behaviour
41
Q

What is aversive conditioning? What are the different ways of tackling this problem?

A

Replace pleasure with something else
Overt: real pain, discomfort
Covert: imagined, pain.

42
Q

What is the goal of cognitive behavioural treatment?

A

tackle values, beliefs, and behavioural

43
Q

What is relapse prevention?

A

Lists emotional triggers, risk factors that lead to fantasizing or offending.
Find concrete plans when this happens to more appropriately react or avoid certain things.

44
Q

Are the treatments effective?

A

Recidivism rates for sex offenders are usually low, but especially low for treated individuals.

45
Q

____ and _____ programs seem to be effective as well as _________.

A

Institutional and community

cognitive-behavioural

46
Q

Why do we spend a lot of money for treatment?

A

Because the costs of treatment are more beneficial than the cost of having a person incarcerated.

47
Q

What are the challenges to see if the treatments are effective?

A

researchers have to wait years to see if treatment are effective.
Hard to create controlled studies because prison has a big influence.

48
Q

What is the sex offender registry?

A

Under the Sex Offender Information Registration Act:

need to manually report where you live, what you look like, vehicle information: otherwise can be sent back to jail.

49
Q

Why dont we have acess to the sex offender registry in Canada while they do in the USA?

A

harm reintegration in society, house market.

Fall 2021: Psychology of Criminal Behaviour (11 decks)

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