Sexual Violence Flashcards
What is the definiton of sexual assault?
It is an umbrella term for all sexual behaviour that happen without consent
___/100 sexual assault are reported to the police in Canada.
___% of date rapes are reported to the police
1/? women will be sexually assaulted
6
1-2
4
What are the things we need to remember with the stats shown in class? 3
Far more common than we think
young/vulnerable women are often the target
mostly committed by someone close to the victim
What happened to the definiton of sexual assault before and after 1983?
Not just women
Not just rape
Not just outside marriage
Simple sexual assault sentence? definition
SA with weapon sentence? definition
Aggravated SA sentence? definition
10y
14y - weapon, threats, causing bodily harm
maximum to life: wounds, disfigure, endangers life
What is the definiton of consent?
Volountary agreemet, by words or conduct, to engage in sexual activity
What are the cases in which someone cant give consent
- someone else gave consent
- abuse position of trust, authority, power
Out of all sexual assault cases reported:
____% of victims are female.
____% of aggressors are men
87
99
Female victim, female agressor = __% female egressed
Male victims, male aggressor = ____% of male egressed
1
83
What is the difference of age (matched or different) when it comes to physical and sexual assault?
Physical: age-matched
Sexual Assault: agressor often older (83%)
Amount of says (approximate)
- victim and aggressor are related
- victim is less than 13
- person is above 14
- victim was a child of the aggressor
300 days
200 days
20 days
350 days
Why do adult victims delay reporting?
didnt feel importsnt
too personal
already dealt with
don’t know if will be believed
Why do child victims delay?
Scared what will happen to parents or them
don’t know if they will be believed
think it was their fault
not aware it was unacceptable
What are rape myths?
beliefs or attitudes that are mostly false but widely held and severe to deny/justify male sexual aggression against women
What are the 7 themes of sexual assault? Explain if necessary
Asked for it
Wasnt really rape if…
Didnt mean it
She lied
Rape trivial event (coulve been worse) (if not a virgin, not a big deal)
Rape is a deviant event (only happen to certain people)
What do rape myths promote?
victim-blaming, perpatrator defending
What is the social cognitive effect of rape myths?
Play a major role in the way we see and interpret the world. Someone who mostly believe stereotypes and rape myths
Explain how group membership affects sexual assault?
If the victim is in our group, we want harsher consequences to the perpetrator,
If the offender is in our group, more likely to defend them.
What is memory fragmentation? How does it happen?
Hormones released and impact way memory is encoded
What is tonic immobility? How does it happen? %
12-50%
Hormones handle fight or fly, but sometimes create a paralysis.
What is memory consolidation?
Process of remebering after traumatic event
What are the 5 rapist-vocabulary that justify rape?
3 that excuse rape?
1- Women act as seductress 2- When women say no, mean yes 3- most women eventually enjoy rape 4- nice girls don't get raped 5- minor wrongdoing, wasn't a big deal
1- alcohol or drugs
2- emotional problems
3- nice guy image
What are the 5 categories of sexual offenders?
voyeurs exhibitionist rapists child molesters pedophilia
What is an intra-familial sexual assault?
Incest
Name and describe the 5 typologies from MTC:
1- Opportunist: Controlled by the situation. Sexual fantasies. Impulsive
2- Pervasively Angry: General anger, unnecessary force. No sexual
3- Sexual non-sadistic: sexual pleasure and fantasy
4- Sexual Sadistic: overt aggression, want to inflict pain.
5- Vindictive: hates women - degrade them. No pleasure, not impulsive.
name and describe the 3 typologies by Groth: Prevalence
1- Anger: not sexual, degrading victim. Doesn’t recognize who the anger is towards. 50%
2- Power: Assert dominance and control. Involves rape fantasies. Uses force if victim not submissive.
3- Sadistic: Pleasure from giving pain. Injury and death and sexual fantasies.
What are the two typologies for child molesters?
Fixated: sexual orientation to children. pedophiles. fantasy and thought. More male children. Planned. No distress. No history of alcohol or drug. Immature
Regressed: primary orientation is adults. More impulsive, drug and alcohol problems. Marital problems. Feel more remorse.
What are the two ways child molesters approach their victims? What are the subcategories
Sex pressure: owed something, obligated
Sex Forced: threat or forced.
===== exploitative
===== sadistic
What are the limitations of the typologies presented?
mostly studied adult male offenders.
What do we know about adolescent child molesters?
Victimization survey: all SA - 20% done by adolescents commit 30-50% of child sex abuse Targets young females that are over the age of 9 History of sexual abuse
What do we know about female sex offenders:
2-5% of incarcerated sex offenders
More likely to have male/stranger victims
Often work in groups
Rarely reoffend compared to men
What are the typologies for female offenders (unreliable)
Male-coerced: passive motivated by fear
Male-accompanied: more willing, motivated by anger, socially isolated
Teacher-Lover: Offender is in love with a student.
Predisposed
What are the two best indicators of recidivism?
Deviant sexual interests and general anti-sociality
What is penile arousal?
Merecury rubber around penis and send electric shocks
What is the arousal level of community men versus violent offenders versus rapists in:
Neutral stories
Consentual sexual scenarios
rape scenarios and non-sexual violence
Community men and violent offenders not aroused by neutral and rape
Aroused consentual
Rapists little arousal when consentual - significant arousal in rape stories
What was the arousal level with 3D version of people (female male adult child) for control group versus child molesters
control not aroused to children
child molesters arousal child female
Adolescent sex offenders ___ sexual abuse than non-sex offenders
more
Why is it especially important to treat sex offenders?
Because they will most likely reintegrate society
What are the 6 elements that can be mentioned in therapy?
Recognizing: works on denial, minimizations and cognitive distortions
Enhancing social skills: basic social interactions
Empathy training: empathy for the victim
Treating substance abuse:
Modifying deviant sexual interests
Relapse prevention
What are the 4 ways to modifying deviant sexual interests? Most efficient?
Physical treatment: Castration, pharmacology Behavioural: - aversive conditioning - cognitive behaviour
What is aversive conditioning? What are the different ways of tackling this problem?
Replace pleasure with something else
Overt: real pain, discomfort
Covert: imagined, pain.
What is the goal of cognitive behavioural treatment?
tackle values, beliefs, and behavioural
What is relapse prevention?
Lists emotional triggers, risk factors that lead to fantasizing or offending.
Find concrete plans when this happens to more appropriately react or avoid certain things.
Are the treatments effective?
Recidivism rates for sex offenders are usually low, but especially low for treated individuals.
____ and _____ programs seem to be effective as well as _________.
Institutional and community
cognitive-behavioural
Why do we spend a lot of money for treatment?
Because the costs of treatment are more beneficial than the cost of having a person incarcerated.
What are the challenges to see if the treatments are effective?
researchers have to wait years to see if treatment are effective.
Hard to create controlled studies because prison has a big influence.
What is the sex offender registry?
Under the Sex Offender Information Registration Act:
need to manually report where you live, what you look like, vehicle information: otherwise can be sent back to jail.
Why dont we have acess to the sex offender registry in Canada while they do in the USA?
harm reintegration in society, house market.
