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Biology (Unit 2) > Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Involves the mixing of genetic materials from each of the two parents in the form of gametes.

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2
Q

What is the form of gametes in animals?

A

Egg and Sperm Cells

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3
Q

Gamete

A

Reproductive cells that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes and can join with another cell to reproduce

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4
Q

In humans and most domestic animals, what do females produce?

A

Egg

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5
Q

In humans and most domestic animals, what do males produce?

A

Sperm

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6
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

some species that have both egg and sperm producing organs

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7
Q

Example of a ‘hermaphrodite’ species:

A

Garden Snail

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8
Q

Simultaneous (synchronous) hermaphrodism

A

Species that have both egg and sperm producing organs at all times

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9
Q

Sequential Hermaphrodites

A

Species that can change between sexes (some fishes)

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10
Q

Diploid

A

Carrying two sets of chromosomes

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11
Q

Denotation of ‘diploid’:

A

2n

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12
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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13
Q

How many chromosome pairs do humans have?

A

2n=46, therefore they have 23 pairs

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14
Q

What do chromosomes carry?

A

Genetic Information

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15
Q

Which parent contributes genetic material to the new offspring?

A

Each parent contributes the same amount of genetic material to the new offspring

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16
Q

How does it make sure that the offspring has only 46 chromosomes?

A

The parents produce gametes that are haploid.

17
Q

Haploid

A

1 set of chromosomes, not 2. They only contain 23 chromosomes.

18
Q

Detonation of haploids:

A

n

19
Q

How many diploid cells in humans?

A

2n=46 (diploid cells, somatic cells)

20
Q

How many haploid cells in humans?

A

N=23 (haploid cells, gametes)

21
Q

Meiosis

A

Process used to produce gametes. This involves the production of the new cells with half the amount of chromosomes

22
Q

Why are offsprings not identical to their parents in Meiosis?

A

There is a ‘shuffle’ of genetic information therefore the offsprings aren’t identical to their parents.

23
Q

What are the 3 key events that occur during meiosis?

A
  1. Halving of chromosomes, results cells have one of each chromosome
  2. Ends with 4 haploid cells
  3. Mixing of genetic combinations (crossing over)
24
Q

What are the stages in Meiosis?

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Meiosis (1)
    a. Prophase (1)
    b. Metaphase (1)
    c. Anaphase (1)
    d. Telophase (1)
  3. Cytokinesis (1)
  4. Meiosis (2)
    a. Prophase (2)
    b. Metaphase (2)
    c. Anaphase (2)
    d. Telophase (2)
  5. Cytokinesis (2)
25
Q

What produces variation in offsprings?

A

Recombination

26
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Chromosomes do not separate

27
Q

What is the result of a nondisjunction?

A

There will be one gamete containing 2 sets of chromosomes, whilst one gamete will be lacking

28
Q

Advantages of Meiosis

A
  • Genetic diversity

- Increased survival chances

29
Q

Disadvantages of Meiosis

A
  • Energy and commitment required to find a mate

- Methods of reproduction, might take more than one attempt

30
Q

How many eggs are produced in Meiosis?

A

1 egg and 3 polar bodies

31
Q

How many sperm cells are produced in Meiosis?

A

4 sperm cells for each cycle

32
Q

The process of crossing over occurs in which stage?

A

Prophase (1)

33
Q

Are daughter cells in Mitosis, diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid

34
Q

Are daughter cells in Meiosis, diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

35
Q

How many daughter cells are produced after Mitosis?

A

2 daughter cells

36
Q

How many daughter cells are produced after Meiosis?

A

4 daughter cells

Biology (Unit 2) (3 decks)

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