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Biology > Sexual reproduction > Flashcards

Sexual reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Importance of reproduction?

A

Ensure continuity and survival of a species

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction involves the

A

production of male and female gametes by individuals who have reached sexual maturity

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3
Q

Fallopian tube?

A

thin muscular duct lined with cilia. the beating of cilia and peristaltic action of Fallopian tubes help move zygote to uterus

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4
Q

Uterus is

A

a thick-walled and muscular organ

  • Uterine wall is lined with tissues
  • Uterus is the place for embryonic development. The embryo implants itself onto the endometrium
  • The thick layer of tissues rich in blood vessels supply nutrients and oxygen to the embryo
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5
Q

Cervix secretes….

A

mucus to make it easier for the sperm to swim towards the Fallopian tube

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6
Q

Vagina is the

A

entryway of the sperm, the place where menstrual blood flows out and a baby’s passage at birth

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7
Q

Sperm are produced in the

A

seminiferous tubules and channelled through the sperm duct (vas deferens), epididymis and finally collect in the seminal vesicle

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8
Q

The seminal vesicle secretes

A

fluids containing nutrients for the sperm

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9
Q

Prostate glands secretes

A

fluids that help in the movement of the sperm

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10
Q

Process of gamete formation is known as

A

gametogenesis

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11
Q

Gonads?

A

testes for males and the ovaries for females

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12
Q

Spermatogenesis is

A

process of sperm formation

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13
Q

Spermatogenesis takes place in

A

seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

pg 224 amazing biology for pic

A

wow

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15
Q

Each seminiferous tubule consists of

A

primordial germ cells

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16
Q

Primordial germ cells undergo cell division to

A

form sperm

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17
Q

Sertoli cells found in the walls of seminiferous tubules…..

A

supply nutrients throughout the process of spermatogenesis

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18
Q

Spermatogenesis is stimulated by

A

FSH and Testosterone. This process is also assisted by LH that stimulates testosterone in the testis

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19
Q

Primordial germ cells divide by mitosis repeatedly to produce many

A

spermatogenia that are diploid

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20
Q

Spermatogenia develops into

A

primary spermatocytes (2n)

21
Q

Each primary spermatocytes undergoes

A

meiosis I to form two secondary spermatocytes that are haploid

22
Q

Each secondary spermatocyte divides during

A

meiosis II to produce two haploid spermatids. Thus each primary spermatocyte produces four spermatids

23
Q

Spermatids undergo

A

differentiation and specialisation to form sperms

24
Q

Oogenesis is the process of

A

forming the ova or female gametes

25
Q

At birth, a female baby already has almost…..

A

two million primary oocytes that remain in the prophase I stage of meiosis I in her ovaries. This number is reduced to about 400000 at puberty

26
Q

(Before birth) Oogenesis begins when primordial germ cells undergo

A

repeated mitosis to form oogenia that are diploid

27
Q

(Before birth) The oogonia then develop into

A

primary oocytes (2n).

28
Q

Each primary oocyte is surrounded by one or more layers of

A

follicular cells and this entire structure is called a primary follicle. The growth of the follicle is stimulated by the FSH. As the foetus develops, primary oocytes undergo meiosis but stop at the prophase I stage of meiosis I

29
Q

Primary oocytes remain at

A

prophase I of meiosis I during foetal development

30
Q

Secondary oocytes are large round cells surrounded by

A

layers of jelly and follicular cells

31
Q

Menstruation is the

A

disintegration of the endometrium on the uterine wall accompanied by bleeding

32
Q

Placenta is the site for

A

exchange of nutrients between foetus and mother

  • glucose, amino acids, hormones, antibodies, and oxygen diffuse from the mother’s blood through thin placental membrane into the mothers blood surrounding the placenta
  • Carbon dioxide and waste substances such as urea diffuse from the foetal blood capillaries through the membrane into the mother’s blood surrounding the placenta
33
Q

Placenta acts as ______ that takes over function of corpus luteum which declines after third month of pregnancy

A

endocrine organ

34
Q

In 4th month, placenta replaces corpus luteum to secrete

A

progesterone and oestrogen that are needed to maintain the thickness of the endometrium

35
Q

Umbilical cord is a tube that

A

contains umbilical vein and umbilical arteries that connect the foetus to the placenta

36
Q

Umbilical vein transports blood rich in

A

oxygen and nutrients from placenta to the foetus

37
Q

Umbilical arteries transport blood rich in

A

carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste products such as urea from the foetus to the placenta

38
Q

In placenta, there are many blood capillaries that

A

increase the surface area to facilitate diffusion of substances between mother and the foetus

39
Q

Both maternal and foetal circulation do not mix because they are separated by a thin membrane. This is important to

A
  • protect the foetus from some harmful chemicals such as toxins and bacteria from diffusing into the foetal circulation
  • prevent the fine blood vessels of the foetus from bursting as a result of the mother’s higher blood pressure. This prevents agglutination or blood clots from happening in the foetus because the foetal blood group may differ from the mother’s blood group
40
Q

The thin membrane layer of placenta cannot stop diffusion of substances such as

A

drugs or medication, alcohol and cigarette smoke. Viruses such as HIV and rubella can pass through the placenta and diffuse into the foetal bloodstream and disrupt the development of the foetus

41
Q

Identical twins

A
  • One ovum is fertilised by one sperm
  • Embryo divides into two
  • Two identical foetuses share one placenta
  • The sex of the twins is the same
  • The genetic makeup and physical traits are the same because they are formed from one zygote
42
Q

Fraternal twins

A
  • Two ova are fertilised by two different sperms
  • Division of embryo doesn’t happen
  • Each foetus has its own placenta
  • The sex of the twins may be same or different
  • The genetic makeup and physical traits differ because they are formed from two different zygotes
43
Q

Impotency occurs when a married couple

A

is unable to have children

44
Q

Causes of impotency?

A
  • Women : blocked Fallopian tubes, failure of embryo to implant on the endometrium, the inability to produce secondary oocytes, tumours in the uterus or and abnormal uterus.
  • Men : low sperm count, low sperm quality, blocked sperm ducts, and testes do not produce sperm or abnormal sperm are produced
45
Q

How are conjoined twins formed?

A

When embryonic division that happens in identical twins is incomplete.

46
Q

Conjoined twins can be separated surgically if they do not share

A

major internal organs like the heart, brain or lungs

47
Q

Insects undergo two types of growth

A

complete metamorphosis (butterfly) and incomplete metamorphosis (grasshopper)

48
Q

Ecdysis is the process of

A

shedding an insect’s external skeleton by replacing the old skeleton with a new bigger skeleton to allow for growth and development

49
Q

Process of ecdysis is regulated by

A

hormones

Biology (3 decks)

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