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Biology > Coordination and Response > Flashcards

Coordination and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Sensitivity?

A

The ability to detect and respond to stimuli.

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2
Q

Stimuli meaning?

A

Changes that occur in the external or internal environment which can be detected and thus trigger a response in the organism

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3
Q

External stimuli examples?

A

light, sound, touch, smell, taste, surrounding temperature, pressure

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4
Q

Internal stimuli examples?

A

changes in blood osmotic pressure, body temperature, blood sugar level

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5
Q

Receptor function?

A

detect stimuli

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6
Q

Effector function?

A

respond to stimuli

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7
Q

Coordination meaning?

A

process of detecting stimuli by receptors resulting in a response towards the stimuli

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8
Q

What receptors detect pH change? (eg: from increase of partial pressure of carbon dioxide)

A

Chemoreceptors which are located in the aortic arch and carotid artery

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9
Q

Where are sensory receptors which detect external stimulus located?

A

in specific sensory organs such as the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin

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10
Q

Where are sensory receptors which detect internal stimulus located?

A

in specific internal organs, for example the pancreas which detects changes in blood sugar levels

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11
Q

State the types of receptors and its specific stimulus it can detect

A

Photoreceptors - light

Thermoreceptors - temperature

Chemoreceptors - chemical substances such as carbon dioxide and sugar

Baroreceptors - pressure

Mechanoreceptors - touch and pressure

Nocireceptors - pain

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12
Q

What does CNS consists of?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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13
Q

What does peripheral nervous system consists of?

A

it is made up of
- somatic nervous system (control voluntary action)
the cranial nerves (12 pairs) send nerve impulses from and to the brain
the spinal nerves (31 pairs ) send nerve impulses from and to the spinal cord

-autonomic nervous system (controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat and vasoconstriction)

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14
Q

Brain function?

A

centre of coordination and control for humans (has grey matter on the outside and white matter on the inside)

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15
Q

Hypothalamus function?

A
  • Homeostatic regulation
  • Regulates body temperature, water balance, blood pressure, hydrolysis of fat and carbohydrates
  • Detects hunger, thirst, fatigue and anger
  • Controls the secretion of several hormones into the body from the pituitary gland
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16
Q

Cerebrum function? (surface area hemisphere is folded to increase surface area to accommodate more nerve cells btw)

A
  • Centre that controls hearing, emotions, vision, personality and controlled (voluntary) actions
  • Folded outer part is called cerebral cortex (receives info and stimuli from receptors)
  • Analyse info, integrate, and correlate to produce sensory perception
  • Give appropriate response to effector
  • Cerebral cortex also controls high-ability mental skills such as learning, memorising, language skills and mathematical skills
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17
Q

Pituitary gland function? (located at base of hypothalamus btw)

A
  • Main gland in endocrine system

- Secretes hormones that control the hormone secretion from all other endocrine glands

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18
Q

Medulla Oblongata function? (located at anterior lobe of cerebellum btw)

A
  • Controls involuntary action (unconscious responses) such as breathing, peristalsis, digestion, heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure and changes in the size of blood vessels
  • Reflex centre for reflex actions such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting
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19
Q

Cerebellum function?

A
  • Coordinates muscle contraction for body movements

- Maintains body balance

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20
Q

What is spinal cord surrounded by?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid that gives protection and nutrients to the spinal cord

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21
Q

Dorsal root function in spinal cord?

A

contains sensory neurones that send nerve impulses from sensory receptor to spinal cord

22
Q

Dorsal root ganglion?

A

contains many cell bodies of neurones clustered here

23
Q

Ventral root function?

A

contains motor neurones which send nerve impulses from spinal cord to effector

24
Q

Dendrite function?

A

Receive nerve impulses from other neurones or the external environment and transmits them towards cell body

25
Q

Node of ranvier function?

A
  • At fixed intervals along the axon, there are certain parts not coated with the myelin sheath. (node of ranvier)
  • Help speed up the transmission of nerve impulses along the axon causing the impulse to jump from one node to the next
26
Q

Axons function?

A

-Carry impulses out of the cell body to other neurones or the effectors

27
Q

Myelin Sheath function?

A

Coats the axon for

  • protection from injuries
  • acts as insulator to electrical impulse
  • provides nutrients to the axon
28
Q

Synaptic knob?

A

-Send impulse signals to muscle cells, gland cells or the dendrites of other neurones

29
Q

Synapse play important role in?

A
  • controlling and integrating nerve impulses triggered by receptors receiving the stimuli
  • allowing the nerve impulses to be transferred in one direction to control the type of nerve impulses that move across it
30
Q

Examples of neurotransmitters?

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Noradrenaline
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
31
Q

Which part of neurone has an abundance of mitochondria?

A

synaptic knob for energy generation for the transmission of nerve impulses

32
Q

What happens in the last part of synapse (the process)

A

When the neurotransmitters bind to specific receptor proteins on the dendrite, a stimulation to initiate the next nerve impulse occurs so that the impulse can be transmitted directly thorough this neurone

33
Q

Voluntary action characteristics?

A
  • Generates conscious response
  • Controlled by our conscious effort
  • Involves the somatic nervous system
  • Controlled by the cerebral cortex
  • Involves a response by the skeletal muscles
34
Q

Involuntary action characteristics?

A
  • Generates unconscious response
  • Not controlled by our conscious effort
  • Involves the autonomic nervous system
  • Controlled by the medulla oblongata and the hypothalamus
  • Involves the response of smooth muscles and glands
35
Q

Reflex action meaning?

A

automatic response that happens instantly without the control or awareness of the brain

36
Q

Importance of reflex action?

A
  • Produce spontaneous reactions without instructions from the brain (slow)
  • Protect a person from injury and danger
  • In an emergency, it is needed for survival
  • Since reflex actions involve only the spinal cord, the brain can concentrate on higher level thinking
37
Q

What is the reflex only needing two neurones

A

The reflex arc involving two neurones is the knee-jerk reflex or patellar reflex (sensory and motor)

38
Q

Lou Gehrig / Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is….

A
  • cause by degeneration and death of motor neurones which control movement of muscles such as chewing and walking etc
  • Failure of motor neurone in sending nerve impulses to the muscles causes the muscles to become weak over time and eventually patient cant walk, talk etc
39
Q

ADHD

A
  • Brain disorder that causes a person to become hyperactive and unable to focus, and easily become bored
  • Caused by a defect in the part of the brain that controls moods and emotions
40
Q

Autism

A

-Disease related to development of nerves in the brain. Autism causes problems in communicating, interacting, engaging in activities which involve fine motor skills and expressing themselves (eg: being happy)

41
Q

Brain paralysis (cerebral palsy)

A
  • causes brain damage before or after birth of baby

- disrupts movement and coordination of muscles

42
Q

Epilepsy

A
  • Abnormal activity in certain parts of the brain causes nerve cells to produce abnormal signals
  • Person experiencing epilepsy may be unconscious and have muscle cramps
43
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • Progressive disorder caused by abnormality in immune system that attacks myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord
  • Damaged nerves will then harden and form scarring or sclerosis
  • Damage to myelin sheath prevents transmission of nerve impulses in the brain. Therefore, communication between brain and other parts of body is interrupted
44
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • Degeneration of nervous system that affects movement, muscle control and balance
  • Patients experience tremors or trembling due to weak muscles
  • This disease is also cause by lack of neurotransmitter secretion in the brain which is dopamine
45
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • Neurological disorder caused by the depletion of brain tissue or the death of certain neurones and reduction in the secretion of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine in the brain
  • Patients lose their ability to reason and care for themselves, Patients are usually confused, forgetful and disoriented. The persistent deterioration of the brain causes patients to lose their ability to speak, eat and read
46
Q

Sedative drugs (depressants)

A
  • Slow down activity of CNS by slowing down transmission of nerve impulses
  • Calm a person’s mind
  • Eg : Barbiturate
47
Q

Stimulant drugs (stimulants)

A
  • Increase activity of CNS
  • Excessive usage causes a high followed by depression when the neurotransmitter level falls below normal levels
  • Eg : Cocaine and Amphetamine
48
Q

Hallucinogenic drugs

A
  • Cause the users to see and hear things that does not exist (hallucination)
  • Relieve pain and anxiety
  • Eg : Marijuana and D-lysergic diethylamide (LSD)
49
Q

Narcotic drugs

A
  • Imitate neurotransmitters by binding with receptor sites
  • Inhibit the transmission of pain signals
  • Slow down normal brain functions
50
Q

Alcohol

A
  • Slow down transmission of nerve impulses in the brain
  • Slows down the triggering of neurotransmitters and interferes with coordination and thinking
  • Delay reflex actions
  • Eg : Beer, wine, whiskey, vodka

Biology (3 decks)

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