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Clinical Forensic Psychologist > Sexual Offending > Flashcards

Sexual Offending Flashcards

Week 3

1
Q

According to the precondition model, what are the 4 factors that contribute to sexual offending against children?

A

1) sexual arousal by children (PEDOPHILIA)
2) Affinity for children. Feel more comfortable being sexual with a child than someone their age. They feel equal to the child (EMOTIONAL CONGRUENCE)
3) Unable to meet needs in appropriate relationships (BLOCKAGE)
4) Inhibitions overcome through attitudes, impulsiveness, alcohol (DISINHIBITION)

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2
Q

what is the Vulnerability Model?

A

it is a DEVELOPMENTAL model which explains pathway between childhood and later sex offending.

1) biological vulnerabilities + adverse childhood experiences (e.g., abuse)
2) impaired social skills and self-regulation
3) impaired relationships with peers - increases risk of sexual contact with kids or coercion

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3
Q

HOW ARE ADOLESCENT SEX OFFENDERS DIFFERENT FROM OTHER

ADOLESCENT OFFENDERS?

A

-higher rates of sexual deviance
- sexual abused is higher as they are 5x as likely to have been sexually abused
-higher rates of emotional dysregulation
-more socially isolated
-less antisocial
lower criminal involvement
-fewer antisocial peers
-less substance abuse

^ these are what make them unique from others

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4
Q

sex offenders and other offenders have no significant differences in

A

1) social incompetence
2) attitudes about women
3) belief about sexual offending
4) parent-child attachment
5) Intelligence (do not have lower intelligence on average

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5
Q

people who offend against children tend to be

A

less antisocial and are often driven by deviant sexual interests

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6
Q

people who offend against adults/peers have

A

more similar to general adult offenders and tend to have higher levels of anti-sociality

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7
Q

what is the probability (%) of sex offenders reoffending IN 5 YEARS in ADULTS? how many don’t recommit? how many of the crimes committed are nonsexual crimes?

A

14% within 5 years DO recommit

86% don’t recommit.

of the crimes, 36% of them are nonsexual offenses

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8
Q

what is the probability (%) of sex offenders reoffending IN 15 YEARS for ADULTS?

A

24%. Yet the public believes that 74% reoffend

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9
Q

what is the probability (%) of ADOLESCENT sex offenders reoffending IN 5 YEARS?

A

12%. rates similar to adults. and 86% don’t reoffend.

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10
Q

adolescent sex offenders are ____ as likely to commit nonsexual reoffenses than sexual

A

twice as likely. However reoffense rates are lower if they receive treatment

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11
Q

risk factors for sexual reoffending can be grouped into…

A

Domain 1: Deviant sexual interests
• Attractions to sexual acts that are illegal or harmful or unusual such as sex with children, rape,
fetishism
• Not all sex offenders have enduring deviant interests

Domain 2: antisocial orientation
-Antisocial lifestyle or traits such as history of rule violation, disregard for others, impulsivity

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12
Q

around ___ to ___ meet the criteria for pedophilia

A

50-60%

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13
Q

which of the following is a predictor of sexual reoffending? pick as many as you think.

• Anxiety & depression
• Low self-esteem, loneliness
• Denial
• But these are common areas of
focus in treatment
A

trick question. none are good predictors of sex offending

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14
Q

whats the problem with using the VRAG in risk assessment with sex offenders?

A

the 12 items didn’t include factors related to sexual offending

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15
Q

what tools could be used for doing risk assessments of sex offenders?

A

option 1: VRAG
option 2: STATIC-2002 - unfortunately more made for adults
option 3: ERASOR

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16
Q

what was the static-2002 developed for?

A

developed for adult sexual offenders

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17
Q

static-2002 has items that are relevant to…

A

sex offending

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18
Q

T/F: Sex-offense tools are more predictive of sex offending than general violence tools

and…which tool would be best to use then?

A

TRUE.

static-2002

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19
Q

how many items are on the static-2002 and static-99?

A

14 items

  1. Age at release?
  2. Prior sentence for sex offenses?
  3. Juvenile sex offense?
  4. Rate of sex offending?
  5. Non-contact sex offense?
  6. Male victim?
  7. Young, unrelated victim?
  8. Any unrelated victim?
  9. Any stranger victim?
  10. Any prior involvement with criminal
    justice system?
  11. Prior sentencing for anything?
  12. Community supervision violation?
  13. Years free prior to index sex
    offense?
  14. Any prior non-sex violence?
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20
Q

Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Recidivism (ERASOR) was developed for

A

Developed for adolescents who have sexually offended

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21
Q

ERASOR has items that are _________-relevant

A

developmentally-relevant (having a supportive or rejecting family)

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22
Q

what is the AUC of ERASOR for predicting sexual reoffending in adolescents?

A

.66

23
Q

is ERASOR better at short term or long term predictions?

A

short term is better predicted, because adolescents change for long term

24
Q

what are the 5 sections of ERASOR?

A

1) Sex Interests, Attitudes, Behaviours (e.g., interests in young children, violence, both)
2) Historical sexual assaults (e.g., 2 or more victims )
3) psychosocial functioning (e.g., antisocial orientation
4) family functioning
5) treatment (e.g., if youth lacks realistic treatment plans)

25
Q

what is phallometry?

A

aka penile plethysmographs.

You measure deviance directly through biological measures. for example, vids or pics of child porn or violence and directly measuring penis circumference.

26
Q

does phallometry work?

A

it is a valid indicator of pedophiliac interest (children) and hebephiliac interest (early adolescents age 11-14)

27
Q

T/F • Phallometric scores significantly predicted reoffending

A

true

28
Q

what is phallometry used with?

A

adult offenders

29
Q

does phallometry still run with adolescents?

A

no. it was used with adolescents in BC until 2009, due to ethics issues, technician charged with sex offence

30
Q

does phallometry still run with adolescents?

A

no. it was used with adolescents in BC until 2009, due to ethics issues, technician charged with sex offence

31
Q

sex offenders get registered with the police so..

A

so that police can track sex offenders. this is a well accepted act

32
Q

in some cases there is notification of public of a sex offenders so…

A

so that public can access info on where live, etc.

this is more of a controversial act

33
Q

In police registration in BC, pollice collect ____ but its not ____. only if _____ _____

A
  • Police collect info, but its not public
  • Police notify public only if a high risk
  • In British Columbia, risk assessment is done & sent to the police
  • Police make the final decision
34
Q

in the US, is the public notified of sex offenders?

A

YES. extensive public notification. The public notified of ALL sex offenders

35
Q

In the US, you are put on the registry based on _______ not your risk level

A

the offence you committed

36
Q

you can be on the public registry for minimum

A

15 years

37
Q

explain the 3 tiers sex offenders get categorized into and how long they must remain in that registry?

A

tier 1: exhebitionism - mooning. (15 yrs)

tier 2: sexual contact w minor - sexting (25 yrs)

tier 3: aggravated sex assault (life)

38
Q

DO PUBLIC REGISTRIES REDUCE SEXUAL OFFENDING?

A
  • People search the online registries but it does NOT change their behavior
  • Does not appear to reduce sexual recidivism in most cases
  • But, according to one study, it might deter new sexual offenses in adults
39
Q

have public registries found any public safety benefits?

A

nope.

40
Q

publicly registered adolescents have more _____ ideation and increased ______ ______

A

Registered adolescents have more suicidal ideation and increased suicide attempts.

41
Q

What proportion of sex offenders sexually reoffend in 4-6 years?

A

14%

42
Q

the best approach to assess sex offending in adolescents is…

A

ERASOR

43
Q

compared to adolescent non-sexual offenders, adolescent sex offenders are:

A

5x more likely to have been sexually abused

44
Q

how was treatment of sex offenders viewed in the 1970’s?

A

offender treatment was considered ineffective.

45
Q

how was treatment of sex offenders viewed in the 1990’s to now?

A

– identified approaches and treatments that work
• Even serious offenders can respond to certain treatments
• Depends on the treatment

46
Q

T/F: OFFENDER TREATMENT IS AS EFFECTIVE AS OTHER THERAPY

AND MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS

A

TRUE

47
Q

BUT DOES THERAPY WORK FOR SEX OFFENDERS?

A

yes, as treated sex offenders had 37% less sexual recidivism. BUT not all treatments worked

48
Q

surgical castration

A

a treatment used against sex offenders.

cutting the dick and/or balls off

they do it in Florida

does not reduce sexual reoffending because sexual assaults aren’t always about being horny

49
Q

chemical castration (hormonal medications)

A

legal in 8 states.

reduces your want to be horny

50
Q

Dunkelfeld Prevention Project – Kein Täter Werden program means..

A

“don’t offend”

51
Q

what was the Dunkelfeld Prevention Project?

A

• Program in Germany for people with sexual interests in children

• First step – media campaigns to reach self-identified pedophiles and hebephiles
• Then, invite people to come it for an assessment to see if meet criteria
• If yes, then attend group cognitive-behavioral therapy program (e.g., relapse prevention),
medications

52
Q

DOES THE DUNKELFELD PROJECT ENABLE PEOPLE TO SEEK

PROFESSIONAL HELP? what was the successes?

A 
• Decrease in attitudes supportive of
child sexual assault
• Decreases in empathy deficits
• Decrease in problem coping 
• Decreased sexual preoccupation - masturbation to fantasies with children
53
Q

what was the downside of the DUNKELFELD PROJECT?

A 
• None in either group were arrested
• No significant differences between
treatment and control groups
• 20% reported child sexual assault
behavior after treatment (e.g., voyeurism,
sexual discussions with children)
• 91% examined child abusive images after
treatment

Clinical Forensic Psychologist (5 decks)

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