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Clinical Forensic Psychologist > Adolescent Offending > Flashcards

Adolescent Offending Flashcards

Week 4

1
Q

over ______% of people offend as adolescents

A

50%

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2
Q

____% of Canadian youth offended in the past year

A

20%

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3
Q

what are the most common offences that adolescents commit?

A

carrying a weapon, shoplifting. Serious offences are rare

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4
Q

what is the youngest age you can arrest?

A

age 12

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5
Q

what age does aggression peak at?

A

6 years old

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6
Q

__/4 of toddlers interactions are aggressive

A

1/4

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7
Q

adolescent development leads to

A

heightened risk-taking

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8
Q

why would adolescents find risk-taking and crime to have benefits?

A

Fitting in, peer respect, excitement, money, autonomy

they think about the immediate rewards

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9
Q

in grade 3, aggressive kids are LESS _____ and in adolescence…

A

LESS popular but in adolescence, aggression seen as less negative, elevated social status

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10
Q

impulsivirt declines from age ____ on

A

age 10

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11
Q

in middle adolescence, there is high _______ and high _______

A

high impulsivity &
high sensation seeking (want to seek out
novel stimuli)

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12
Q

Prefrontal cortex continues to

develop until

A

mid-20s (plan &

control behaviour)

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13
Q

synaptic pruning

A

our brain becomes more efficient

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14
Q

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT DURING ADOLESCENCE?

A 
• Increase in dopaminergic activity
(reward sensitivity)
• Prefrontal cortex continues to
develop until mid-20s (plan &
control behavior)
• Synaptic pruning (makes brain more
efficient)
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15
Q

T/F: In general, people’s offending declines over time

A

TRUE

  • Due to maturing
  • Psychosocial maturity accounts for 34% of the of drop (e.g., better able to control impulses)
  • Social learning accounts for 49% of the drop (e.g., more resistant to peer influence)
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16
Q

Moffits developmental taxonomy

A

Different types of offenders

1) life-course persistent
2) adolescent-onset
3) child-limited
4) adult-onset

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17
Q

life-course persistent starts

A

early, during childhood

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18
Q

life-course persistent cause is from

A

Neuropsychological deficits (e.g., impulsivity) plus unsupportive environment

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19
Q

life-course persistent duration

A
  • Hypothesized to be lifelong offenders

• But some research indicates that most offenders stop by mid-adulthood

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20
Q

how common are life-course persistent offenders?

A

Rare, most adolescents who offend are not lifelong offenders

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21
Q

ADOLESCENT ONSET OFFENDERS starts at

A

adolescence

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22
Q

ADOLESCENT ONSET OFFENDERS cause

A

Maturity gap + delinquent peers
• Sexually mature but aren’t recognized as such
• Offending helps acquire mature status

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23
Q

ADOLESCENT ONSET OFFENDERS duration

A

Hypothesized to stop in adulthood

• However, research has found that still offending at age 25 but less than life course

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24
Q

how common is ADOLESCENT ONSET OFFENDERS

A

Common/normative

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25
Q

WHY DIDN’T THE ADOLESCENT-ONSET OFFENDERS STOP BY

20?

A
  • Maybe desistance might be delayed as society has evolved?
  • In past: age 18 – moved out, got a job, got married
  • Now: these things happen later; “emerging adulthood” – 18-25 years old
  • Maybe experimenting with offending during adolescence has costs
  • Some become ensnared (trapped in the crimes they committed as adolescents)
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26
Q

Structured Assessment of Violence Risk In Youth (SAVRY)

type of tool:

A

Structured Professional judgement tool

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27
Q

Structured Assessment of Violence Risk In Youth (SAVRY)

purpose:

A

Designed to predict violence in adolescents, now also nonviolent offending

28
Q

Structured Assessment of Violence Risk In Youth (SAVRY)

items:

A

30 items, many of which are dynamic and some protective factors

29
Q

how was the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk In Youth (SAVRY) developed?

A

developed through literature review

30
Q

what is the research support for Structured Assessment of Violence Risk In Youth (SAVRY)?

A

MODERATE predictive validity, one of most widely used adolescent
tools

31
Q

4 sections of SAVRY

A

1) historical (early history of violence)
2) social/contextual (peer delinquency)
3) individual/clinical (anger management)
4) protective (strong attachments and bonds)

32
Q 
Priming Unconscious Racial
Stereotypes
• Police & probation officers
• Subliminally exposed to words
related to Black people
• Or neutral words
• Then rated hypothetical offender on
deserved punishment, risk, etc.

what was the result?

A

When primed to think about Black
youth, rated youth as higher risk and
more deserving of punishment

Were not using a risk assessment tool
– just their unstructured judgment

33
Q

Probation Officers Reports of white youth and black youth criminals

A

• In White youth, crime attributed to
environment (e.g., poverty)
• In Black youth, crime attributed to
internal causes (e.g., bad person)

unstructured judgement. no tools used

34
Q

can a 14 year old be charged as an adult?

A

yes

35
Q

what are the consequences for youth criminals, from low to the worst punishment

A

1: warning/diversion
2: probation
3: incarceration (juvenile)
4: incarceration (adult sentence)
5: life without parole
6: death penalty

36
Q

what countries have executed youth since 2000?

A
  • Saudi Arabia
  • Sudan
  • Pakistan
  • Nigeria
  • Iran
  • Yemen
  • United States (age 16+)
37
Q

USA overturned juvenile death penalty in

A

2005

38
Q

which country is the only country to give juveniles a life sentence without parole (LSOP)?

A

USA

39
Q

T/F: African-American youth more likely to receive LSOP

A

true

40
Q

explained court cases that have reduced LSOP

A

• Graham v. Florida (2010) – overturned juvenile life without parole for non-homicide cases
• Miller v. Alabama (2012) – juvenile life without parole violates 8th amendment (cruel & unusual
punishment)

41
Q

Youth Criminal Justice Act (2003) made adult sentencing easier by

A

Lowered age to 14, but provinces can provide a higher age and expanded the types of offences for a kid to be tried as an adult but it was repealed in R. v. D.B. (2008)

42
Q

WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR TRANSFER TO ADULT COURT OR

ADULT SENTENCING?

A

legal;

  • age
  • offense severity
  • criminal history

psychological factors;

  • risk of violence
  • treatment amenability
  • sophistication
43
Q

DOES TRANSFER TO ADULT COURT REDUCE REOFFENDING?

A

• Most studies: transfer does not reduce
offending
• Some research: transferred kids were
MORE likely to reoffend
• e.g., more deterrent in violent offenders than
property offenders (Loughran et al., 2010)

44
Q

in BC, approximately ____ of murder/manslaughter cases receive adult sentences

A

half

45
Q

WHAT RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES MIGHT BE USED WHEN RISK OF VIOLENCE?

A

1) Supervision/controls
- prison, probation
2) treatment
- therapy
3) monitoring
- reevaluate risk periodically
4) victim safety planning
- fence on bridge to prevent rocks
- warn potential victims

46
Q

HOW CAN WE DECIDE ON RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES?

A

RISK-NEED-RESPONSIVITY (RNR) MODEL

47
Q

___ is the leading model of offender treatment

A

RNR

48
Q

RNR provides us with guiding _____ to guide our ______

A

principles to guide our decisions. when we follow these principles, there is lower reoffending

49
Q

RNR: Risk principle

A

HOW MUCH interventions to deliver.

you match the services/interventions to risk level

50
Q

intervention =

A

risk management strategy

51
Q

why shouldnt we give lots of services to low risk people?

A
  • its a poor use of our LIMITED resources.
  • it may be ineffective
  • it also may make matters worse (ex. take a low risk person and put them in prison, their risk level MAY increase)
52
Q

RNR: Needs principle

A

WHAT you target in interventions.

you target an individuals CRIMINOGENIC needs – the needs that contribute to offending [ex. antisocial, drinking problems, impulsive] (vs. non-criminogenic needs [ex. anxiety or depression])

53
Q

what are non-criminogenic needs?

A

factors that are not linked to offending

54
Q

why not target non-criminogenic needs?

A
  • Treating noncriminogenic needs doesn’t reduce offending

- Poor use of limited resources

55
Q

RNR: Responsivity principle

A

HOW you deliver interventions.

2 parts

  • SPECIFIC RESPONSIVITY: tailor treatment to individual characteristics (strengths, cognitive limitations, culture, gender)
  • GENERAL RESPONSIVITY: uses CBT, instead of other approaches like psychodynamic approach (how they grew up, relationships with parents)
56
Q

answer in RNR model.

BUT WHY IS IT BAD TO
TREAT DEPRESSION AND
ANXIETY?

A

According to RNR model, it’s not bad per se. It’s just not effective in reducing reoffending.

57
Q

scared straight theory

A

1) take at risk kids to prison
2) inmates scare them
3) they dont get in trouble again

58
Q

does scared straight work? why?

A

noooooooo.

• “The project may romanticize the Lifers-and by extension other prison inmates-in young,
impressionable minds.”
• “Or, the belittling, demeaning, intimidating, and scaring of particular youth may be seen
as a challenge; a challenge to go out and prove themselves…”
• “Delinquency fulfilling prophecy”

59
Q

group therapy theory

A
  • common form of treatment in prison
  • inexpensive
  • variety of models and approaches - some structured some not
60
Q

which are better; structured groups or unstructured groups?

A

structured groups are better

61
Q

multi-systemic therapy

A

-made in 1990’s as alternative to incarceration
-family-based treatment for adolescents
-occurs in the community (HOME)
• Family, peer, school, & individual interventions
• e.g., teach parenting
skills, address
parental substance
use, connect to
prosocial peers
• Intensive – therapist available 24/7; 3-6 months

62
Q

DOES MULTI-SYSTEMATIC THERAPY (MST) WORK?

A

yes!

  • Reduced offending
  • Self-reported and official records
    * Even 22 years later!
  • Improved mental health
  • Improved relationships
  • Improved school commitment
63
Q

BUT IS MULTISYSTEMATICTHERAPY WORTH IT?

A 
• Costs a lot to run
• But taxpayer savings: $49,443
per youth
• Once consider victim tangibles/intangibles (e.g., suffering): up to $199,374 per
youth
64
Q

even though there are effective treatments work, what percentage of youth actually receive these programs?

A

ONLY 5%

65
Q

What statement best describes the current status of transfer to adult court in Canada?

A

Adolescents may be given adult sentences within youth court proceedings. They don’t get transferred

66
Q

In us the death penalty for adolescents was overturned in

A

2005

Clinical Forensic Psychologist (5 decks)

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