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Sexual offending Flashcards

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1
Q

Name some types of sex offending.

A

Child molestation, sadism, rape, exhibitionism, voyerism, masochism, paraphilia.

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2
Q

What did Williams et al. (2009) find when looking at rates of deviance in male undergrad Candians using self-reports?

A

Found high levels of fantasies (68% sexual assault, 13% paedophilia, 62% sadism) but much lower actual behaviour.

Found a strong correlation between fantasies and behaviours.

Psychopathic traits were shown to be a strong predictor of if fantasises were translated into behaviours.

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3
Q

What did Kendrick et al. (1998) find when exploring the origins of sexual interest in goats/sheep?

A

Male goats alsmost always chose to mate with female sheep, vice versa for male sheep - this persisted for every year follow up.

Female goats only slightly prefer male sheep for hte first year btu after 2 years they return to choosing to mate with male goats, vice versa for female sheep.

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4
Q

What does the Kendrick et al. (1998) study suggest about the development of sexual interest?

A

Males have a critical period in developing their sexual preference whereas females are a lot more fluid and dynamic.

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5
Q

What are some methods people have used to try and alter sexual interest?

A

Castration, lobotomies, electric shocks

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6
Q

What did the APA say about Sexual Orientation Change Effects (SOCE)?

A

Found no evidence for such changes but concluded that the evidence (for either way) is poor.

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7
Q

What did Freund (1990) suggest about altering sexual interest?

A

You can alter the strength of the drive but not its direction.

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8
Q

What did McPhail and Oliver (2020) find after conducting a meta-analysis about the efforts to change paedophilic attractions using PPG not self-report?

A

Behavioural and pharmacological interventions show ‘moderate to large’ effects of reducing paedophilic arousal.

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9
Q

What is the problem with the McPhail and Olver (2020) results when assessing paedophilic attraction?

A

Results show that penile arousal to children was reduced - not increased arousal to adults.

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10
Q

What model is suggested to be the pathway to sexual offending?

A

Finkelhor model

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11
Q

What are the four stages of the Finkelhor model?

A
  1. Thinking stage
  2. Giving permission
  3. Creating the opportunity
  4. Overcoming the victim’s resistance
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12
Q

What is stage 1 of the Finkelhor model?

A

Thinking stage.

Motivations, looks for the ‘idea to offend’

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13
Q

What is stage 2 of the Finkelhor model?

A

Giving permission.

Overcoming internal inhibitions, attempts to ‘get around’ this by using justifications or cognitive distortions.

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14
Q

What is stage 3 of the Finkelhor model?

A

Creating the opportunity.

Overcoming external inhibitions, some degree of planning goes into an offence.

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15
Q

What is stage 4 of the Finkelhor model?

A

Overcoming the victim’s resistance.

Only part of the model which is illegal. Use of force, threats, weapons, drugs, grooming

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16
Q

What did Wollert (2006) suggest?

A

Base rates of sexual offending are so low there is almost no point detaining anyone.

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17
Q

What did Hanson (2002) find when looking at convictions of sex offenders?

A

After 8 years 22% had a charge/conviction for a sexual crime.

Correlation between time at large and recidivism was large.

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18
Q

Why is it so difficult to asses rates of sex offending?

A

Based on charges and convictions - majority of sex crimes aren’t reported.

Mnay crimes that are sexually motivated do not appear so on their PNC.

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19
Q

What did Grubin (2003) find when usuing a polygraph with child sex offenders?

A

Increased number of victims admitted to after using the polygraph (500% increase).

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20
Q

Which factors did Hanson and Bussiere (1998) find to be predictive of sexual violence?

A

Sexual deviance, previous sexual crimes, early onset of sexual offending, having a previous male/stranger victim and past criminal history.

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21
Q

What were some surprising factors that weren’t found to be predictive of sexual violence by Hanson and Bussiere (1998)?

A

Being sexually abused as a child, substance abuse, general psychological problems, treatment.

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22
Q

What did Mann et al. (2010) aim to find in his meta-analysis examining sexual violence predictors?

A

Psychologically meaningful risk factors - factors that can be dynamic, causal to offending, and a target for treatment.

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23
Q

What factors were found to be not related to sexual recidivism in the Mann et al (2010) meta-analysis?

A

Depression, poor social skills, poor victim empathy, lack of motivation for treatment.

24
Q

What factors were found to be predictive of sexual offending in the Mann et al. (2010) meta-analysis?

A

Ones not really associated with sexual violence - just general antisocial behaviours.

25
Q

What is thought to be a major driving factor behind sex offences?

A

Deviant sexual interest.

26
Q

What are the three physiological methods to measure sexual deviancy?

A

Penile plesmography (PPG), Implicit Association Test (IAT), and Viewing Time (VT)

27
Q

What is PPG?

A

Measures sexual arousal via changes in penis size.

28
Q

How is deviance defined using the PPG?

A

Greater response to deviant stimuli.

29
Q

What did Chivers et al. (2004) find when using blood flow measures of arousal in men and women?

A

Men show a strong category specific response whereas women don’t.

30
Q

What are some limitations of PPG?

A

Probelms due to faking, masking, lack of standardisation

31
Q

Where can PPG be helpful?

A

Identifying rapists from non-rapists, identifying child molesters from other offenders.

32
Q

What is the AUC of PPG in optimal circumstances?

A

0.80

33
Q

What are the indirect methods of measuring sexual deviance?

A

IAT and VT

34
Q

What are indirect methods of measuring sexual deviance?

A

Look at a person’s behaviour to stimuli but do not directly ask them about their sexual attraction.

35
Q

What is the IAT?

A

Looks for automatic associations between stimuli.

36
Q

What did Snowden et al. (2008) find when measuring sexual associations using sex-IAT in hetero and homosexual men?

A

Heterosexual men showed assoication to female and sex, homosexual men did to male and sex.

This correlated nearly perfectly with if the participant reported being hetero or homosexual.

37
Q

What did Snowden et al. (2008) suggest the AUC for the IAT was?

A

0.97

38
Q

What did Gray et al. (2005) find when using the IAT with paedophiles?

A

Paedophiles were fast with the child and sex association, and slow for adult and sex, the opposite was found for other offenders.

39
Q

What is a complication when assessing paedophilia with measures like the IAT?

A

Some ‘paedophiles’ may actually be hebephiles.

40
Q

What is the difference between paedophilia and hebephilia?

A

Paedophilia is attraction to an immature body (children), hebephilia is an attraction to adolescence.

41
Q

What did Brown et al. (2009) find when using the IAT to examine paedophiles and hebephiles?

A

Paedophiles were much faster with the child-sex association than hebephiles and controls - they showed the same response time.

42
Q

What is viewing time (VT)?

A

Present pictures, often with a cover story as to why they’re looking at it, but really interested in how long the person looks at each picture.

43
Q

What is the idea behind VT?

A

Look at the image you’re more sexually attracted to for longer.

44
Q

What did Rosburg et al. (2021) find when comparing measures of paedophilic interest in controls and child sex offenders?

A

The only measures that created a significant difference between the groups was the IAT and VT.

45
Q

What did Marshall and Barbaree suggest integrated to create the ‘integrated theory’?

A

Biological dispositions, childhood experiences, exposure to the influences of the media, the impact of disruptions during adolescence and the presence of opportunities to offend.

46
Q

What are affiliative child molesters?

A

Individuals like family members, teachers, care workers or other men who have continuing relationships with, and ready access to, children.

47
Q

What has Ward’s Goof Lives Model (GLM) led to?

A

Strength-based approaches to treating sex offenders.

48
Q

What did Andrews suggest to assist in treatment of sexual offenders?

A

Three principles - risk, needs, and responsivity

49
Q

What did Rosburg et al. (2021) investigate and how?

A

Differences in paedophilic contact child sex offenders (CSOs), non-contact CSOs with no history of child sexual assaulta and nonoffending control group through completing neuropsychological assessments and indirect tests of sexual deviance.

50
Q

What was the AUC suggested by Rosburg et al. (2021) for identifying paedophilic sex offenders through indirect and neuropsychological data?

A

0.92

51
Q

What was the AUC suggested by Rosburg et al. (2021) for differentiating between paedophilic sex offenders through indirect tests alone?

A

0.88

52
Q

Which three indirect measures could differentiate between CSOs and controls (Rosburg et al., 2021)?

A

VTs, IATs and CRT task

53
Q

What did including neuropsychological tests do in terms of the differentiation between CSOs and controls with indirect tests (Rosburg et al., 2021)?

A

Classification improved.

54
Q

Why were neuropsychological assessment considered possibly important to measure in paedophilia (Rosburg et al., 2021)?

A

Neuropsychological considerations suggest that brain structural and neurocognitive alterations might co-develop with paedophilia.

55
Q

Were neuropsychological tests alone sufficient to differentiate between CSOs and controls (Rosburg et al., 2021)?

A

No

56
Q

What were the differences between contact and non-contact CSOs (Rosburg et al., 2021)?

A

Non-contact CSOs were less prone to interference and were less risk-taking than contact CSOs.

57
Q

What are some limitations of the Rosenburg et al. (2021) study?

A

Small sample size, classification models suggest depend on distributional sample characteristics, did not include CSOs with a high risk of recidivism, did not include non-offending paedophiles.

Forensic Psych (6 decks)

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