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Ethics > sexual ethics > Flashcards

sexual ethics Flashcards

1
Q

sexual ethics- ethical about sexual relationships often focus on what?

A

often focus on the possibility that traditional views, such as Christian teaching, are no longer relevant for modern society.

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2
Q

Premarital sex refers to what?

A

refers to sex before marriage. It might mean sex between two people who are planning to marry each other, or it might mean having sexual relationships whilst being a single person.

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3
Q

Premarital sex has become much more common since when?

A

since the introduction of reliable contraception.

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4
Q

Having children without being married has become increasingly common where?

A

in the UK and socially acceptable.

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5
Q

cohabitation used to refer to what?

A

used to refer to couples who lived together before getting married, but today many cohabiting couples have no intention of getting married. people bring up children without feeling it is necessary to get married.

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6
Q

What does traditional Christian teaching teach about sex before marriage?

A

That sex before marriage is a sin. sex should be for a couple who are committed to each other in a marriage partnership. Sex before marriage can be seen as undermining Christian marriage and demonstrating a lack of moral discipline.

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7
Q

Christians might refer to what to support their views?

A

They may refer to Genesis 2:24 to support their views; ‘ that is why a man leaves his father and mother and is united to his wife, and they become one flesh’

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8
Q

The catechism of the catholic church argues what?

A

Argues that premarital sex does not support ideas about fidelity, exclusivity and commitment, and is seen as a sin.

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9
Q

Some leaders of the church of England accept what?

A

They accept that living together before marriage can be a ‘step along the way’ to marriage commitment, but others oppose it and insist on marriage as the proper context for a sexual relationship.

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10
Q

Who is Adrian Thatcher?

A

Adrian Thatcher, in marriage after modernity; Christian marriage in postmodern times (1999), points out the long tradition of ‘betrothal’ as they key point of commitment rather than the marriage ceremony.

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11
Q

what is ‘Betrothal’?

A

this is traditionally the exchange of promises to marry, which historically marked the point at which sex was permitted.

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12
Q

Traditionally sexual relationships were what?

A

They were permitted after betrothal- but betrothal was considered seriously binding, unlike modern cohabitation.

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13
Q

Christianity- different points of view

A
  • cohabiting couples- excluded from the church.

- then those who think that all forms of committed loving relationships should be encouraged.

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14
Q

What is extramarital sex?

A

extra-marital sex refers to relationships where one or both of the sexual partners is married to someone else.

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15
Q

The Christian teaching is firmly against what?

A

Against extra-marital sex(adultery). Adultery is forbidden in the Ten commandments.

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16
Q

What does the catholic church teach?

A

The catholic church teaches that sex is exclusively for married couples. Because the catholic church does not recognise divorce it considers anyone entering a new sexual relationship after separation or divorce as having extramarital sex.

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17
Q

Christianity’s stance against divorce probably developed as a way of doing what?

A

protecting women against being used as bargaining tools.

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18
Q

consent is seen as what?

A

a key issue is sexual relationships in the modern world.

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19
Q

natural law approaches to premarital sex and extra martial sex?

A

natural law follows- take an absolutist view of ethics.

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20
Q

natural law ethics is understood as what?

A

it is linked to an understanding of human nature as having a purpose. People should do those things that allow them to flourish and reach their potential.

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21
Q

catholic teaching relies heavily on what?

A

natural law.

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22
Q

in natural law reproduction is what?

A

one of the primary precepts- this is interpreted to mean that reproduction should be considered the main aim of sexual activity.

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23
Q

Pre-marital sex and extra-martial sex are wrong regarding natural law, why?

A

because they are not consistent with flourishing of human society in bringing up children in stable families.

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24
Q

The use of artificial contraception is prohibited by who?

A

the catholic church, but not by most other denominations.

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25
Q

How can natural law be seen as a good approach to pre-marital and extra- marital sex?

A

it gives clear rules rather than leaving people to make decisions in the heat of the moment.

26
Q

What does natural law empathise?

A

It empathises the importance and sanctity of marriage and of reproduction, which could be seen as beneficial for the stability of society an in the Christian princples.

27
Q

what does followers of situation ethics think about pre-marital and extra-marital sex?

A

they do not think that there should be rules guiding premarital or extramarital sex.

28
Q

Situation ethics believes that each situation should be considered as what?

A

each situation should be considered in the context of its own circumstances, and the most loving course of action should be determined and followed.

29
Q

situation ethics presents what view of morality?

A

presents a relativists view of morality.

30
Q

What does fletcher use issues of sexual ethics for?

A

to illustrate his view that there should not be absolute rules, with examples of a women having sex with a prison guard in order to secure her freedom, or a spy having sex with an enemy in order to bring about the end to war.

31
Q

What approach do Kantian ethics take to issues regarding pre-marital and extra martial sex?

A

followers of Kant take an absolutist view of ethics based around ides of duty and the categorical imperative.

32
Q

Kantian ethics believes that people should not treat each other as what?

A

As a means to an end, which rules out exploitative and non-consensual imperative.

33
Q

Kantian ethics- in the kingdom of ends what does it state?

A

the commitment of marriage would be respected.- universalizability would prevent so much sexual freedom that society was undermined.

34
Q

What did Kant empathise?

A

He empathised the importance of promise- keeping and truth-telling which suggests secret extramarital sex would be unethical.

35
Q

what is a utilitarianism approach to pre-marital sex and extra- marital sex?

A

john Stuart mill- people should be protected from unnecessary legislation and should be free to behave how they wish unless it causes harm to others.

36
Q

how should the principle of utilitarianism that people should be protected from unnecessary legislation- be used by utilitarians?

A

should be used by utilitarians to justify premarital sex, extra- marital sex and homosexuality.

37
Q

What might opponents argue about the utilitarians practices?

A

that these practices cause harm because they undermine the seriousness of a heterosexual marriage commitment.

38
Q

In the subjugation of women, mill argued what?

A

He argued that marriage can sometimes reduce women to the status of slaves. He was not against marriage but he was in favour of gender equality.

39
Q

Mill tired to do what?

A

Make contraception available to the poor at the time.- when the church opposed artificial contraception.

40
Q

what is meant by the term homosexuality?

A

it is the term used to describe sexual attraction between people of the same sex.

41
Q

Attitudes towards homosexuality have changed dramatically over the last 100 years, how?

A

In the first half of the twentieth century, homosexuality was a crime. It was decriminalised in England and wales in 1967. The first same- sex marriages took place in England, wales and Scotland in 2014.

42
Q

some people disagree with homosexuality, why?

A

still instances of anti-homosexual attacks and discrimination, but also many instances of public acceptance and celebration of homosexual relationships.

43
Q

Christianity has opposed homosexuality as what?

A

sinful

44
Q

some texts in the Bible condemn homosexual acts, such as what?

A

‘do not have sexual relations with a man as on does with a women that is detestable’ Leviticus 18:22

45
Q

Why is there a disagreement about these texts in the bible?

A

disagreement about what these texts regarding homosexuality mean and whether they should be considered to be applicable and enforceable- in present day- especially as many old testament rules are disregarded by Christians- no longer relevant.

46
Q

How does homosexuality as an issue cause deep divisions?

A

causes deep divisions between Christian churches around the world- continuing debates.
Anglican communion- struggles to reach agreement about same sex marriages in church- and about the appointment of openly gay clergy

47
Q

Which churches welcome homosexual partners into church life?

A

Methodists and URC

48
Q

what view does natural law take to homosexuality?

A

Natural law ethics- homosexual acts- wrong as they cannot bring forth new life, and reproduction is seen as the telos of human sexuality.

49
Q

The catholic church has traditionally seen homosexuality as a sin but what has changed?

A

with modern times some Catholics take a more liberal view of homosexuality.

50
Q

Pope francis stated what in 2016?

A

that there are no grounds for considering a same- sex partnership to be similar to Gods plan for marriage and family life.

51
Q

why do some people criticise natural law approaches to homosexuality?

A

because plenty of sexual relationships do not and cannot bring forth new life, such as sex between a older married couple or sex between a couple with fertility issues and between a husband and wife during pregnancy.

52
Q

What is situation ethics approach to homosexuality?

A

they concentrate on finding the most loving outcome.
does not give rules about homosexuality in general- but considers a homosexual relationship to be morally acceptable if it brought abut agapeic love.

53
Q

How might situation ethics be difficult to apply to issues of homosexuality?

A

if the need of other people as well as the needs of the couple are considered, but most would agree that it is unloving to forbid homosexual relationships and loving to support them.

54
Q

What is a Kantian ethics approach to homosexuality?

A

Kantian ethics- deontological- placing duty and autonomy at the heart of moral decision- making, and is used to formulate rules governing sexual behaviour.

55
Q

Applying Kantian principles to issues of homosexuality does not lead to what?

A

does not lead to once clear answer- but could be used to justify a range of attitudes.

56
Q

Kantians could argue what?

A

that treating everyone with dignity must mean that homosexual relationships should be regarded as equal as heterosexual relationships.

57
Q

Kantians could argue that the principle of universalisbility means what?

A

That everyone should have a right to express their sexuality in a relationship.

58
Q

Kantian ethics emphasises what?

A

Mutual consent and avoiding exploitation, and these principles should underpin relationships regardless of the sexuality of the partners.

59
Q

what approach to utilitarian’s take to homosexuality?

A

they look for moral actions that will bring about the greatest happiness- and cause the least harm.

60
Q

Many utilitarian’s would argue what?

A

they would argue that homosexual relationships cause happiness- those in them and do not harm anyone else.

61
Q

Some utilitarian’s argue that homosexual relationships do harm society because?

A

harm society- because they undermine marriage as a stable social institution.

62
Q

Most utilitarian’s reject what?

A

reject the need for rules about private behaviour between consenting adults, if they cause no harm to others.

Ethics (12 decks)

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