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Ethics > Sexual Ethics > Flashcards

Sexual Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three areas in sexual ethics

A

Homosexuality, pre-marital sex, extra-marital sex

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2
Q

what is the traditional view on the matters in sexual ethics

A

They are all wrong due to christian beliefs

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3
Q

2019 what percentage of British population had no problem with premarital sex

A

75%

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4
Q

When was gay marriage legalised in England

A

2014

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5
Q

What is still considered wrong in Britain

A

Extra-marital sex

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6
Q

What is the significant change in sexual behaviour in recent times

A

Large increase in the amount of couples that live together and have sex before marriage

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7
Q

Why do some believe sexual ethics isnt a significant topic

A

It is a completely private and personal matter

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8
Q

What is the contractarian non harm view to sexual ethics

A

No rules about sexual ethics are needed to be imposed by governments as long as it is consensual and not harmful, rules are only needed to prevent harm

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9
Q

Who champions the contractarian view to sexual ethics

A

Mill and John Harris of rule utilitarianism, sexual ethics isnt needed, as issues are covered in other ethical debates

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10
Q

Foucault view on sexual ethics

A

Challenges religious thinking on sexual ethics as it categorises sexual expression into normal and abnormal causes prejudices, urgent debates needed in sexual ethics

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11
Q

Feminist view on sexual ethics

A

Sexual ethics is important, gender inequality is present and women are sexually discriminated in comparison to men, MeToo movement targets issues like abuse revenge porn workplace assault

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12
Q

Reasons why sexual ethics and behaviour should be private

A
  • Contraction view that provided consent there are no other ethical considerations, ensuring personal freedom
  • Mills non harm ensures there is no ethical or political debate necessary
  • Existentialism argues that there is a mistake in assuming all people have a purpose to reproduce, sexuality should be free
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13
Q

Reasons why sexual ethics and behaviour should not be private

A
  • Sexual behaviour like extramarital sex affects people very much so should be ethically considered
  • Sex is very natural and should be talked about
  • Minimal view cheapens and reduces importance of sex and love
  • Need for discussion to correct gender issues in sex and religious involvement in sex
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14
Q

How would Aquinas apply natural law to sexual ethics

A

Primary precept of reproduction of the sole purpose of the sex would naturally come up with secondary precepts that rule out homosexuality, masturbation, contraception

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15
Q

What does Aquinas believe about marriage

A

Marriage is very important for an ordered society, marriage has a generative and unitive functions

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16
Q

How influential has aquinas natural law been

A

Extremely influential in forming the views of the Catholic Church as well as many European governments view in the past 500 years

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17
Q

How does Aquinas view on marriage affect sexual ethics

A

Rejects both premarital and extramarital sex as these are lustful forms of sex not generative, also breaks up the order In society, Ten Commandments rules against adultery

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18
Q

Who is the modern natural law philosopher

A

Finnis

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19
Q

What is Finnis view on sexual ethics

A

Basic goods of human flourishing like reproduction and freindship, knowledge. Marriage is fundamentally good as it combines reproduction and freindship. Homosexuality doesn’t contribute to reproduction so is harmful to society

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20
Q

Strengths of natural law in sexual ethics

A
  • Focus on marriage and reproduction avoids cheapening and casualising sex
  • Focus on purpose of sex as unitive can help discern from some of legalistic church interpretations of sexual ethics
  • Natural law is correct in suggesting a married relationship is a more stable environment to raise a child and create order in society
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21
Q

Weaknesses of natural law in sexual ethics

A
  • Pre-scietific view in focusing solely on reproduction, matters like masturbation and contraception are much more accepted with science
  • If god doesnt exist then their is no ultimate purpose in following the precepts so no need to follow natural law teachings
  • Assumptions of the telos of humans and of sexual acts as generative and unitive. Also pleasurable and healthy
  • Relies on natural sexual inclinations of humans but ignores natural homosexual inclinations, naturalistic fallacy
  • Surely elderly couples should never have sex as they cant reproduce
  • Legalistic and anachronistic overly religious in secular society
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22
Q

Who argues natural law is built into the universe and is evident even if god doesnt exist

A

Hugo Grotius

23
Q

Who argues men have no purpose

A

Russell

24
Q

Freud on sexual ethics

A

Libdio is a driving force in peoples minds so no one should be denied their sexual inclinations

25
Q

What is the We are Church movement

A

Calls for christian churches to be more accepting of sexual ethical issues

26
Q

Fletcher on extramarital sex

A

Not a morally wrong act provided it is based on agape in the right situation, not spite or lust as he rules promiscuity as wrong as it treats people as objects

27
Q

Fletchers example of advocating for extramarital sex

A

Mrs Bergmeier a German woman captured by Russians she became impreganted with a Russian officer so should could get sent back home.

28
Q

Fletcher on homosexuality

A

Denies the traditional christian view on homosexuality stating that it is legalistic, advocates for homosexuality as it is the most loving thing in the sitaution to allow people their sexual inclination, putting focus on the person and relative situation not legalistic rules

29
Q

Strengths of situation ethics in sexual ethics

A
  • Person centred which is the perfect approach to sexual ethics
  • Flexible in sexual issues but avoids relativist pitfall of cheapening sex by still enforcing agape in every sexual relationship
  • Allows sexual ethics to maintain religious principles whilst modernising
  • Treats people with autonomy respecting their own sexual decision making ability
  • Jesus refused to condemn adulterous women as many had been abused
30
Q

Weaknesses of situations this in sexual ethics

A
  • Ignores religious absolutes in sexual ethics about adultery
  • selective in teachings of Jesus enforcing love but ignoring when Jesus condemned divorce
  • Difficult top know where the idea of the loving consequences ends as should most loving decisions include children and extended family?
  • Teleological so requires predicting if the outcome of ones sexual decision will be loving, may have felt in the moment but could be wrong
  • Very vague guidance to people who want help in decision making
  • Mrs Bergmeier is such an extreme case
31
Q

Biblical teachings on sexual ethics

A
  • In genesis Adam is stated as needing a women to complete him, marriage is right as it completes both sexes
  • Homosexuality is condemned multiple times in the bible, Leviticus, Corinthians
  • Adultery is condemned in Ten Commandments
  • Religious sanctity of marriage enforces agasint pre and extra marital sex
32
Q

Why is marriage so important in christianity

A

Man protects the women as the women is faithful and obedient is seen as metaphor as god protects his creation if they are faithful and obedient

33
Q

Reasons why religious ideas shouldn’t continue to have influence on sexual ethics

A
  • Seems strange religion should have a say in sexual ethics when majority of society is secular
  • Mills non harm and requirement for consent addresses the drastic issues ins sexual ethics so no need for religion
  • Religious views are outdated and misinterpret the values of sex
  • Foucault argues religious ideas have introduced harmful ideas into sexual ethics
34
Q

reasons why religious ideas should have influence ons sexual ethics

A
  • Modern culture greatly cheapens and makes sex very casual, religion stops this
  • Religious ideas have been good as Jesus did a lot to advocate for women’s rights in sexual ethics
  • Marriage is statistacally supported as the best environment for a child to be raised
35
Q

How would Act utilitarianism approach sexual ethics

A

Should be approached situationally but enforces that pleasure is the key purpose of sex not reproduction, so would advocate for homosexuality, pre and extra marital sex.

36
Q

How would Rule Utilitarianism approach sexual ethics

A

Sex is a base lower pleasure, so shouldnt be considered for ethical debates, tolerates all sexual issues

37
Q

How would preference utilitarianism approach sexual ethics

A

There are much greater more consequential moral issues like pollution and sexual ethics isnt one

38
Q

Utilitarianism on Premarital sex

A

No problem with pre marital sex as it results in mainly pleasure, contraception also reduces the negative effects of pre marital sex like STDs and Unwanted pregnancies

39
Q

Utilitarianism on extra marital sex

A

Act may advocate for extra marital if the pleasure of the sex outweighs the pain of it, may also advocate for hiding affairs to reduce pain of partners knowing.
However rule would argue that the unity and friendship in a marriage should be preserved as it is a higher pleasure than sex.

40
Q

Utilitarianism on homosexuality

A

Argues that there is no logical reason that homosexuality to be illegal as t only results in pleasure for those involved when there would otherwise be pain. Singer argues that homosexuality doesnt harm anyone

41
Q

Strengths of utilitarianism in sexual ethics

A
  • Modern and progressive views especially on homosexuality
  • Secular theory that deviates from harmful traditional views putting reproduction as central
  • Flexible and situation which is important as sex is a private and situational matter
  • Does enforce that acts that cause harm like rape and prositution as wrong
42
Q

Weaknesses of Utilitarianims in sexual ethics

A
  • Act focuses on majority pleasure so in theory could advocate for gang rape.
  • Pleasure isnt a moral ethical value, what is most pleasurable changes a lot so we may come to regret decision that were once pleasurable as immoral, objective pleasure is hard to measure
  • Predicting all consequences and how far these consequences of an act like extra marital sex is very difficult
  • Can be subject to tyranny of majority where homosexuality may be outlawed due to homosexuals being a minority
  • Consequences determine an action as right and wrong but are out of personal control, advocates for having an affair then hiding it to reduce negative consequences
  • Undermines the importance of marriage and makes sex very casual and lustful
43
Q

Bentham offences agsint self and offences against society

A

Bentham has no problem with offences against self as these don’t cause societal harm, advocates for pornograpgy, homosexuality, prostitution.

44
Q

How is Benthams offences against self distinction wrong and harmful

A

Prostitution is very harmful as it allows sex trafficking, forced prositution, spread of STDs, new studies also show harm of pornography access to young people

45
Q

What distinguishes Humans from animals for Kant

A

Humans have a unique rationing ability and the will to make rational decisions on our desires

46
Q

What is Kants main concern about sexuality

A

Reduces humans to acting solely on desires like animals, we disregard our unique ability to reason and control desires

47
Q

Kants view on marriage

A

marriage is good as it allows for our sexual desires to be controlled by rational will.

48
Q

Kant on Premarital sex

A

Kant would oppose this as it is lustful sex that isnt based on the mutual trust in marital sex. Treats people as a means for sexual pleasure, also cant be universalised as marriage provides stable environments for children

49
Q

Kant on extramarital sex

A

Cannot be universalised as it breaks the promises and trust made in marriage, treats both parties as a means to an end. And normally involve saying to hide an affair which Kant haas as denying all categorical imperatives

50
Q

Kant on Homosexuality

A

kant opposed homosexuality as it degrades human nature to being purely lustful and not treating people as ends, cant be universalised as it means human. race would die out.

51
Q

Why can Kants view on homosexuality be reassessed in a modern context

A

in 18th century Germany homosexuality wasn’t legal so all homosexual relationships would’ve been lustful which is his main rejection, so in a modern context where homoesexuality is legal homosexuality can be accepted as it does treat people as ends

52
Q

Strengths of Kantian ethics in sexual ethics

A
  • Respect for people so people aren’t treated as a means and sexually exploited
  • Gives clear deontological sexual rules whilst remaining secular
  • Logical and rational which is vital in sexual ethics were emotions cloud judgments
53
Q

weaknesses of Kantian ethics in sexual ethics

A
  • Whilst is is true that homosexuality cant be universalised as the human race will die out, this is an irrational unrealistic view as not everyone is homosexual
  • Kants places too much optimism and focus on marriage, 40% of marriages end in divorce it is not as sacred nowadays
  • Kants rationality is out of place in sexual ethics as the main concern would be peoples emotions and passions as that is what drives sexual behaviour
  • Technically would allow prostitution as this like marriage is a contractual agreement for sex
    —–> kant rules agains trust and prostitution is lustful
54
Q

How does Simone de Beauvoir oppose marriage focuses

A

Marriage enslaves women taking away their freedom

Ethics (9 decks)

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