Sexual and Identity Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Sociocultural Influences on Sexual Practices and Standards

A
  • Some aspects of sexuality are universal; others are quite variable
  • Sexual attitudes vary greatly across cultures and across time
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2
Q

Degeneracy Theory (1750s)

A

Case 1

• In the 1750s, degeneracy theory held that loss of semen caused men to lose masculine characteristics

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3
Q

Abstinence Theory (1830s)

A

Case 1
• Masturbation and patronizing prostitutes were seen as problematic
• In the 1830s, abstinence theory held that masturbation threatened public health and caused insanity

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4
Q

Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia

A

Case 2
• Ritualized homosexuality is practiced in some societies in Melanesia
• Male initiation rituals
• Young males exchange semen with each other
• Ingested semen protective against “female pollution”

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5
Q

Homosexuality and American Psychiatry

A
  • Up to 1970, homosexuality widely regarded as sickness
  • Current evidence shows that homosexuality is compatible with psychological normality
  • Homosexuality is no longer listed as a disorder in the DSM-5
  • Significant status of homosexuality during last half-century
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6
Q

Gender Dysphoria

A

• Discomfort with assigned gender or sex-relevant physical characteristics
• Common outcomes
- Boys – Homosexuality
- Girls – May lead to homosexuality but only small studies done
• Transsexuals
- Adults with gender dysphoria who want to change their sex
• Autogynephilia
• Paraphilia characterized by man’s sexual arousal at thought of being a woman
Treatment
• Psychotherapy is usually not effective
• Surgical sex reassignment typically effective

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7
Q

Childhood Sexual Abuse

A
  • Prevalence depends on definition but ranges from less than 5% to over 30%
  • Short- and long-term negative consequences
  • Controversies include children’s testimony and recovered memories of sexual abuse
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8
Q

Pedophilia

A
  • Adult has recurrent, intense sexual urges or fantasies about sexual activity with prepubescent child
  • Almost all pedophiles are male; 2/3 of victims are female
  • In recent years, many scandals involving priests have involved pedophilia
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9
Q

Incest

A

• Culturally prohibited sexual relations between family members
• Prevalence and incidence
- Universal taboo
- Incidence unclear due to non-reporting

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10
Q

Rape

A

• Sexual activity involving actual or threatened forcible coercion
• Prevalence
- Depending on the definition used, prevalence figures run from 5% to 13%
• Potential consequences
- Physical trauma
- Psychological trauma
- Post-traumatic stress disorder
• Strangers commit only a small fraction of all rapes
• Most rapes are committed by someone known to the victim
• 60% of all rapists are under 25

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11
Q

Treatment and Recidicism of Offenders

A

• Sex offenders with deviant sexual preferences (e.g., those most attracted to children) have high rates of recidivism
• Recidivism rates for rape and sexually deviant behavior decrease with age
• Sex offenders’ therapy goals
- To modify patterns of sexual arousal
- To modify cognitions and social skills to allow more appropriate sexual interactions with adult partners
- To change habits and behavior that increase the chance of re-offending
- To reduce sexual drive

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12
Q

Psychological Therapies for Sexual Abuse Offenders

A
  • Aversion therapy
  • Covert sensitization/assisted covert sensitization
  • Cognitive restructuring
  • Social-skills training
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13
Q

Treatment for Sexual Abuse Offenders

A

Biological and surgical treatments may include:
• Antidepressant medications
• Castration (surgical or “chemical” via hormones)
• Many treatment programs use a combination of hormone therapy and cognitive-behavioral treatments

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14
Q

Sexual Dysfunctions

A

• Impairment in desire for sexual gratification and/or ability to achieve it

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15
Q

Four human sexual response phases

A
  • Desire phase
  • Excitement phase
  • Orgasm
  • Resolution
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16
Q

Male Sexual Dysfunctions

A
  • Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
  • Erectile disorder
  • Early ejaculation disorder
  • Delayed ejaculation disorder
17
Q

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

A

• Little or no sex drive or interest

18
Q

Erectile disorder

A
  • May be based on anxiety about sexual performance or physiological dysfunction
  • Erectile disorder affects half the male population on at least a temporary basis
19
Q

Early Ejaculation Disorder

A

• Persistent and recurrent orgasm and ejaculation with little sexual stimulation

20
Q

Delayed Ejaculation Disorder

A

• Inability to ejaculate during intercourse

21
Q

Female Sexual Dysfunctions

A
  • Female sexual interest/arousal disorder
  • Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
  • Female orgasmic disorder
  • Female sexual interest/arousal disorder new to DSM-5 but likely to be most common sexual dysfunction in females
22
Q

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

A

• Low sexual desire and low sexual arousal

23
Q

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

A

• Genital pain during intercourse with muscle tension and fear and anxiety related to genital pain or penetrative sexual activity

24
Q

Female Orgasmic Disorder

A

• Persistent or recurrent delay in, or absence of, orgasm following normal sexual excitement phase