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Forensic Pyschology > Sexual and Homicidal Offenders > Flashcards

Sexual and Homicidal Offenders Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual assault

3 levels based on severity:

A

simple sexual assault (max 10yrs)

sexual assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm (max 14yrs)

aggravated sexual assault (max life)
-Related to extent of injury

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2
Q

Rape Trauma Syndrome

A

Burgees and Holstrom 1974:
Used to describe after-effects of rape

Effects of rape divided into 2 phases:
Acute crisis phase (days to weeks): Severe fear, anxiety, depression. Questioning & self-blame
heightened levels of distrust and self-doubt

Long-term reactions phase (months to years):
Development of phobias
Sexual problems
Depression 
Dramatic lifestyle change
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3
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; APA, 1994)

A

Anxiety disorder that can develop in response to exposure to extremely traumatic event(s)

Symptoms include:
Frequent distressing, intrusive event memories
Avoiding stimuli associated with traumatic event
Negative alterations in cognitions and moods
Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity

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4
Q

Voyeurs

A

Someone who obtains sexual gratification by observing unsuspecting people, usually strangers, who are either naked, in process of undressing, or engaging in sexual activity

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5
Q

Exhibitionists

A

Someone who obtains sexual gratification by exposing genitals to strangers

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6
Q

Rapist

A

Someone who sexually assaults victims > 16 years

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7
Q

Pedophile

A

Someone whose primary sexual orientation is toward children

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8
Q

Child Molester: Definition and types/examples

A

Someone who has actually sexually molested a child

Intra-familial child molester (aka incest offender)
Extra-familial child molester

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9
Q

Definition of sexual assault

A

Any nonconsensual sexual act by either a male or female person to either a male or female person, regardless of the relationship between the people involved

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10
Q

Rapist Typologies

A
  1. ) Opportunistic
  2. ) Pervasively angry
  3. ) Sexual
  4. ) Sadistic
  5. ) Vindictive
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11
Q

Opportunistic Rapist

A

Commits sexual assault that is generally impulsive, void of sexual fantasy, controlled primarily by situational or contextual factors and void of gratuitous violence

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12
Q

Pervasively Angry Rapist

A

High level of anger that is directed towards men and women.

Impulsive, use unnecessary force, cause serious victim injury and be void of sexual fantasy

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13
Q

Sexual Rapist

A

Primarily motivated by sexual preoccupation or sexual fantasies

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14
Q

Sadistic Rapist

A

Must be a sadistic element to offence

Can be further subdivided into overt based on the presence or absence of gratuitous violence

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15
Q

Vindictive Rapist

A

In contrast to the pervasively angry type- anger is focused solely on women. Not impulsive, or preoccupied by sexual fantasies. Goal is to demean and degrade victim.

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16
Q

Groth’s proposed division of Rapists

A

Anger Rapist:
Uses more force than necessary to obtain compliance and engagement in a variety of sexual activities of sexual acts to degrade the victim
High levels of anger towards women- usually precipitated by conflict or received humiliation by a significant women in their life

Power Rapist:
Seeks to establish dominance and control over the victim
Not primarily motivated by sexual gratification

Sadistic Rapist:
Obtains sexual gratification by hurting the victim

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17
Q

Typologies of Child Molesters

A

Fixated Child Molesters:
Primary sexual orientation towards children starts in adolescence and is persistent
Male children prime targets
Emotionally immature- lack of social skills
Planned offences
No remorse

Regressed Child Molesters:
Primary sexual orientation is for adults
Sexual interest begins in adulthood and is episodic
Female children and targets
Impulsive offences
Often married or having marital problems
More often they feel remorseful
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18
Q

Atkinson’s proposed types of female offenders

A

Teacher/lover:
Target male adolescent that they relate to as peer, but they are in authority/power
Most cases the women claims to be “in love” and the victim reports they do not feel victimized

Male-coerced:
Forced by abusive male
Victim often her daughter
Passive partners in abuse

Male-accompanied:
Engage in abuse with male partner, willingly
Victims in and out of family

Predisposed:
Initiates abuse alone
Severe / persistent childhood abuse
Often more violent and bizarre 
Report having deviant sexual fantasies
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19
Q

Adolescent Sexual Offenders

A

Adolescents commit:
20% of rapes
between 30-50% of child sexual abuse

Adolescent sex offenders have often experienced early sexual victimization
40 – 80%

Tend to sexually abuse young female victims, particularly

20
Q

Theories of Sexual Aggression

A

Marshall and Barbaree (1990) developed an integrated model that encompasses:

biological factors

childhood experiences
E.g., childhood abuse, dysfunctional families

sociocultural influences
E.g., structure of society that reinforces aggression against women

situational events
E.g., earlier experiences with women

Rape also interpreted through evolutionary theory as a mating strategy

Based on natural selection to allow an otherwise inadequate male to transmit his genes to future generations
Men who can inseminate a large number of women through force have greater reproductive success than males who do not employ force

Does not explain homosexual and female-male rape

21
Q

Types of Treatment for Sexual Offenders

A

Pharmacological:
Reduce sex drive
Antiandrogens that decrease or block testosterone
Antidepressants (reduce compulsivity)

Behavioural:
Attempt to reduce deviant sexual interest and/or increase non-deviant sexual interest
Aversion, masturbatory satiation, directed masturbation

22
Q

Sexual Offenders: Treatment of cognitive-behavioural addresses-

A 
Denial
Minimizations
Cognitive distortions
Victim empathy
Modifying deviant sexual interest
Enhancing social skills
Dealing with substance problems
Developing relapse-prevention plans
23
Q

First steps of Relapse-prevention

A

First 2 Steps:

  1. ) Identify emotional and situational factors that lead to either fantasizing about sexual abuse or committing abuse
  2. ) Develop plans to deal more appropriately with their problems and ways to avoid high risk situations

Sequence of events chart pg 395

24
Q

NSOR

A

Requires sex offenders to register nationally within 15 days of release
Return annually to police to update
Min 10 yrs on list, max life

Not available to Canadian public
High rate of compliance results

25
Q

Types of Homicide/sentencing

A

Canadian criminal law recognizes 4 types:

First-degree murder:
Mandatory life in prison without the possibility of parole for 25 years
Faint Hope Clause:
Single murder non-parole period reduced to 15 years

Second-degree murder: Min 4 years | Max life

Manslaughter

Infanticide- (max 5 years)

26
Q

First-degree murder

A 
Planned and deliberate. 
Murder of law enforcement or correctional staff member 
While committing/attempting to commit:
hijacking an aircraft
sexual assault
sexual assault with a weapon
aggravated sexual assault
kidnapping 
forcible confinement or hostage taking
27
Q

Second-degree murder

A

All murder which is not first degree

28
Q

Manslaughter

A

Unintentional murder that occurs during the “heat of passion” or criminal negligence
Less serious offence than murder

Difference between levels of fault based on the mens rea:
No forethought / planning or without intent to kill
Voluntary
Sudden impulse
Involuntary
During commission of an unlawful act not ordinarily expected to result in great bodily harm

29
Q

Types of manslaughter

A

Negligent

Vehicular

Corporate (UK) or Industrial (Australia)

30
Q

Infanticide

A

Killing of a newly-born child (by its mother)
Type of homicide but excluded from murder
Added to Canadian Criminal Code in 1948
Understood as result of pregnancy or lactation
(max 5 years)

31
Q

Bimodal Classification of Homicide

A

Reactive aggression:
Affective
Impulsive, unplanned, immediate, driven by negative emotions
Reactive (real or perceived)- in response to provocation

Instrumental aggression:
calculated behaviour 
Predatory
Proactive
Premeditated, motivated by some goal( money, power, control, sadistic fantasies, gratification)
32
Q

Filicide

A 
Killing of children by their biological or step-parents
Often suffer from diagnosable disorder
Includes-
Neonaticide:
Killing a baby within 24 hours of birth

Infanticide:
Killing a baby within the first year of life

33
Q

3 types of maternal filicide (Stanton & Simpson, 2002):

A

Neonaticides:
No hx of mental illness
Concealed pregnancy
‘Postpartum abortion’

Committed by Battering mothers:
Impulsive response to child
Social & family stress

Committed by Mental illness
Older
Older children
Psychosis or depression

34
Q

Familicide

A

Killing of a spouse and children

Almost always committed by a man

Associated with a history of:
Partner violence
Child abuse

In 50% of cases, killer commits suicide (Wilson et al., 1995)

Non hostile and hostile types

35
Q

Parricide

A

Killing of parents
Most often committed by youth who have been:
physically abused
witnessed spousal abuse

Often have accomplices

36
Q

Spousal Homicide

A

Most common motive
Anger over estrangement from their partner
Sexual jealously about alleged infidelity

High rate of suicide following the killing of a wife by her husband (Crawford & Gartner, 1992)

Risk
as woman’s age
with age difference between partners (Shackelford & Mouzos, 2005)
following separation

Uxoricide-wife is killed- linked to the most common motive
Matricide-husband is killed

37
Q

Multiple murder typologies and general classification info

A

Mass murderer:
4 or more victims in one location in one event with no cooling-off period

Serial murderer:
3 or more separate murders with cooling-off periods in between

Spree murderer:
2 or more victims in 2 or more locations, with no cooling-off period

38
Q

Mass murderer criteria

A 
Typically:
Reclusive
Few Friends
Rarely have a criminal record
35-45 years old
Build up anger and let frustration fester
Warning signs evident
Suicide following, or suicide by cop

Tend to occur in suburban or rural areas

39
Q

School shootings: The shooter criteria

A

Shooter:
Sees themselves as extremely marginal in the social circles important to them
Suffers some form of mental illness that magnifies the impact of this marginality
Has access to cultural scripts, such as media violence linking manhood with public respect and violence
Doesn’t tend to exhibit earlier behavior problems, likely to evade radar of school and community surveillance systems
Has access to firearms

40
Q

Serial Murderer Criteria

A

Typically:
White male
Operate alone
History of cruelty to animals
Obsessive interest in porn
Often has brain injury that impairs rational thinking
Average intelligence
Low SES, unsuccessful in work and education, well-meaning but maladjusted mom
Also frequently abused as a child (self-report)

41
Q

Victimology of murdered

A 
Tend to prefer:
Prostitutes
Runaways
Young male drifters
Itinerant farm workers
Secondary preferences:
Young women in and around a university or college
Elderly and solitary

Common themes: vulnerability and easy availability

42
Q

Serial Killer Profile- Forensic History

A

Triad- Bed wetting, animal torture, fire starting

Most have a criminal history:
87% were previously arrested
75% spent time in jail or prison

Many received prior psychiatric treatment

Many spent time in a forensic unit

6.3% killed prior to their serial killing

43
Q

Typologies of Serial Murderers: name the types

A

Visionaries
Mission-orientated
Hedonistic
Power/control orientated

44
Q

Visionary Serial murderer

A

Kills in response to voices or visions telling them to kill

45
Q

Mission orientated serial murderer

A

targets individuals from a group that he or she considers undesirable

46
Q

Hedonisitic serial murderer

A 
Motivated by self gratification. 
Divided into 3 subtypes: lust, thrill comfort
Lust Killers  - sexual gratification
Thrill Killers – feed off terror
Comfort Killers – anticipated gains
47
Q

Power/Control serial murderer

A

Not motivated by sexual gratification but by having absolute dominance over the victim

Forensic Pyschology (5 decks)

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