Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Flashcards
How is DNA generally stored when the cell is not dividing?
Chromatin
What is the human diploid number?
46
What are gametes?
Reproductive cells like eggs and sperm
How many chromosomes exist in human sperm?
23
What do cells need to do during interphase in order to allow for proper division?
DNA replication
What is the term for the resting state between cell divisions called?
Interphase
When does spermatogenesis begin to create sperm from spermatogonium?
Puberty
When chromosomes are drawn as an X, how many chromosomes are in a single X?
1
What is the product of an oogonium that undergoes mitosis?
first degree oocytes
What is another name for vegetativ propagation?
Vegetative reproduction
What is the product of first degree oocyte that undergoes meiosis I?
second degree oocyte
What are the first 22 chromosome pairs in a karyotype called?
Autosomes
What does mitosis result in?
2 identical daughter cells
At what stage in the cell cycle is the cell the smallest?
G1 as it has just finished mitosis
What type of cells have 46 chromosomes in the human body?
Somatic cells
When does DNA replication occur in the cell cycle?
During the S phase
What type of vegetative propagation involves a horizontal stem that grows just above ground such as strawberries?
Runner
What is the focus of the cell during the G1 phase?
Cell is growing and going about its regular functions in the body
What occurs during prophase?
DNA condenses into chromosomes, nucleus disolves, centrioles begin to move to the opposite poles and spindle fibers begin to form between the centrioles
What is the product of first degree oocytes going through meiosis?
2 degree oocyte which keeps the majority of the cytoplasm
A polar body which will eventually break down
What type of vegetative propagation results from underground stems such as ginger or rhubarb?
Rhizomes
What are the 3 phases of interphase?
G1, S, G2
When does meiosis II occur during oogenesis?
Fertilization
What is a histone?
A protein that provides the supportive framework for the DNA
What type of vegetative propagation is similar to rhizomes in that there is an underground stem but they are larger and fleshier such as potatoes?
Tubers
What is monosomy?
Missing one chromosome
What is the area that joins 2 sister chromatids together?
Centromeres
What is an array of chromosomes all matched up?
Karyotypes
What is the place each gene is located on the homologous chromosomes called?
Locus
What are scaffolding proteins?
- A supportive protein
- Chromatin fibers form loops and attach to this protein
- Condenses into chromosomes
At what stage do developing egg cells spend an undefined period of time?
The first degree oocyte gets stuck in prophase I
What is the main function of the cell during the S phase?
DNA replication as well as completing its normal functions
What is chromatin?
An indistinguishable mass of chromosomal material and its associated proteins contained within the nucleus
What phase does a second degree oocyte get stuck in while waiting for fertilization?
Metaphse II
What is a trisomy?
An extra chromosome
What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What is the variation of a gene called?
Allele
What type of vegetative propagation involves a short underground stem encased in fleshy leaves such as onions, garlic and tulips?
Bulb and corns
What is Patau Syndrome?
Trisomy 13
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that controls a trait
What does this represent?
Tt
Heterozygous alleles
What is the cells main focus during the G2 phase?
Growth, performing its unique functions, and beginning to condense the DNA information
A horse has 32 different chromosomes. What is the diploid and haploid number?
Diploid - 64
Haploid - 32
*Different means pairs
What occurs during metaphase?
All of the chromatids line up along the equitorial plane, 92 chromosomes as all 46 chromosomes have been duplicated, spindle fibers attach at the centromere on either side of the chromosome
What is the trisomy with the highest survival rate?
Downs Syndrome, trisomy 21
What is the name of egg cell production?
Oogenesis
What is a length of DNA wound around a core of 8 histone proteins
Nucleosome
What are spindle fibres made from?
A protein called tubulin
How does the asexual process of fission affect humans?
Makes food go bad quickly
Wounds in the tropics become easily infected
What is the main purpose of a karyotype?
Determine chromosome abnormalities
Why does DNA information condense to chromosomes during mitosis?
Easier to separate the information evenly
What is the name for the starting cell that will eventually make sperm?
Spermatogonia
What is the word used to describe the maternal and paternal chromosomes within a pair that code for the same things?
Homologous
What is Turner Syndrome?
Monosomy of the sex chromosome (XO)
What occurs during anaphase?
Spindle fibres push the poles further away from each other while the spindle fibres attached to the centromeres shortns, pulling the sister chromatids apart and the chromosomes begin moving to each pole
Why do plant cells not have centrioles during mitosis?
Their cell walls are rigid so spindle fibers attach to them directly
What is the result of monosomy? What is the exception to this?
Failure during embryonic development
Only one survivable is missing a sex chromosome, but need to have an X
What are the functional segments of chromosomes called?
Genes
What does this represent?
AA
Homozygous dominant alleles
What is another term for the sex chromosomes?
Allosomes
What is Edwards Syndrome?
Trisomy 18
What is the pinching of the cytoplasm after mitosis called that actually creates the 2 seperate daughter cells?
Cytokinesis
What is the starter cell of egg cell creation called?
Oogonium
What does this represent?
bb
Homozygous recessive alleles
If you see a picture of the cells all lined up in the middle like a little parade and centrioles at opposite ends of the cell with spindle fibers attached to the chromosomes, what phase of mitosis is this?
Metaphase
How are chromosomes sequenced when making a karyotype?
Sequencing done by looking at the length of chromosomes and similar banding patterns
What is synapsis that occur during prophase 1 of meiosis?
The fusion of chromosome pairs during meiosis
What is the 23 pair of chromsomes in a karyotype called?
The sex chromosomes
Why do spermatids need to remain in contact with cytoplasm as they mature?
Some genes required for development are only found on the X chromosome
What phase in mitosis do the chromsomes look like a V shape?
Anaphase, they are being pulled by spindle fibres towards the poles at the centromers, sort of folding them in the middle when they are moving
What is the most often result of trisomy?
Failure during embryonic development
What is meiosis?
Cell division of gametes (egg and sperm)
What differences, if any, exist between mitosis and meiosis during interphase?
None
How many eggs result from each oogonium?
1
What is Klinefelter Syndrome?
Trisomy of the sex chromosomes (XXY)
What type of cell division includes 1 DNA replication with 2 divisions of daughter cells?
Meiosis
What is DNA cross over?
Exchange of segments of DNA between 2 homologous pairs during prophase 1 of meosis
If you see a picture of the chromosomes beginning to form and there are centrioles and spindle fibers but they are not at opposite ends of the cell, what stage of mitosis is the cell in?
Prophase
What is the difference in the product of meiosis and the product of mitosis?
Mitosis ends with 2 daughter cells having one homologous pair of each chromosome (diploid number)
Meiosis ends with 4 daughter cells that have only one chromosome rather than a homologous pair of each (haploid number)
What are the chromosomes that have had cross over occur called?
Recombinant chromatids
What occurs during telophase?
Chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles, chromosomes uncoil into chromatin, the spindle apparatus is dismantled, and the nuclear envelope reforms
Some resourses also include the cleavage between the two cells as part of telophase, some have it as a seperate step.
When a spermatogonia divides by mitosis, what is the result?
first degree spermatocytes
Are Y chromosomes shaped like a Y?
No, they are just shorter than an X chromosome
What difference, if any, are there between prophase of mitosis and prophase 1 of meiosis?
Homologous chromosome pairs fuse together during meiosis prophase 1 which allows for DNA cross over
What happens during cytokinesis
A cleavage furrow begins to form at the equatorial plane, the cell membrane then pinch into the cytoplasm creating 2 daughter cells (cell cleavage)
What is independent assortment that occurs in metaphase 1 of meiosis?
Alignment is random, so paternal and maternal copies do not necissariliy stay on one side or the other. This results in each of the daughter cells ending up with some of the mothers DNA and some of the fathers DNA.
Where are the least developed sperm and the most developed sperm located in the tubules?
They start immature next to the basement membrane and move closer to the lumen (the inside of the tube) as they mature
If you see a picture of the cells beginning to split down the middle and chromosomes are in opposite ends of the cells but not longer attached to spindle fibers, what phase of mitosis is this?
Telophase
How do cells seperate the two daughter cells as they cannot pull away from each other?
They grow a cell plate between the two daughter cells
What is are the products of meiosis II of a second degree oocyte?
An egg that will fertilize (ovum)
A polar body that will degenerate
How does metaphase 1 of meiosis differ from metaphase of mitosis?
In mitosis, they line up single file, in metaphase 1 of meiosis, they line up as homologous pairs and spindle fibres are only able to attach to one side of the centromere
What is the difference between anaphase 1 of meiosis and anaphase of mitosis?
In meiosis, the homologous pairs are separated as the spindle fibres are only attached at one side of the centromere
In mitosis, sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere as the spindle fibres attach to both sides
What is the product of meiosis I of first degree spermatocytes?
Second degree spermatocytes
What is parthogenesis?
Females that produce offspring from unfertilized eggs, some species are all female and some species switch back and forth between parthogenesis and sexual reproduction
What is the difference between metaphase II of meiosis and metaphase of mitosis?
They both have chromosomes aligning in single file with the spindle fibres attaching to both sides of the centromeres. The only difference is that metaphase II of meiosis only has a haploid number of chromosomes
How many spermatids result from spermatogenesis?
4
What is the product of meiosis II of the second degree spermatocyte?
Spermatid
What process do first degree spermatocytes go through?
meiosis I
What are the steps of spermatogenesis?
Spermatogonia -> mitosis -> first degree spermatocytes -> meiosis I -> second degree spermatocytes -> meiosis II -> spermatids -> differentiation -> sperm
How many chromosomes are in the daughter cells at the end of meiosis 1?
haploid, so in humans 23, as the homologous pairs have been split, rather than each chromosome being split
What type of asexual reproduction involves a parent cell that grows and splits across the middle to form 2 identical daughter cells?
Fission
What is the process of making sperm called?
Spermatogenesis
What type of asexual reproduction do many fungi, mosses, ferns, and algae use?
Spores
There may be a brief interphase between meiosis I and meiosis II, is the DNA replicated here?
no
What is the term for chromosomes that have not have any cross over occur?
non-recombinant chromosomes
What are advantages to asexual reproduction?
takes less time and do not need to find a partner
What are the steps of oogenesis?
oogonium -> mitosis -> first degree oocyte -> meiosis I -> second degree oocyte -> meiosis II -> ovum
What triggers meiosis II to occur during oogenesis?
Fertilization
When do oogonium and spermatogonium form?
Prenatal
At what stage of spermatogenesis do the cells go from the diploid number to the haploid number?
meiosis I
What type of asexual reproduction do many flowering plants, starfish, and earthworms use?
Fragmentation
What type of meiotic division results in unequal division of cells?
Oogenesis
What is alternation of generations?
A life cycle which involves mitosis after gamete fusion (fertilization) and meiosis in plants. This creates multicellular diploid individuals (sporophytes) and haploid individuals (gametophytes)
How often are gametes released in males and females?
Males - continuous throughout life
Females - monthly until menopause
What type of asexual reproduction is used by bacteria, protists, some algae and fungi?
Fission
When does mitosis of oogonium occur?
prenatal
What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction?
Genetic variation
When does meiosis I begin to occur in oogenesis?
After puberty, one or a few oocytes complete meiosis I every month after puberty (ovulation)
What type of asexual reproduction is used by yeast cells, jellyfish, and coral?
Budding
What is a rapid form of asexual form of reproduction and allows 1 individual to become millions quickly under the right conditions?
Fission
How are spores carried to new places?
Wind, water, even other living organisms
What is fragmentation?
A form of asexual reproduction that occurs when pieces break off from an organism and each piece can regenerate into a new organism
What is budding?
A form of asexual reproduction where parent cell splits unevenly into 2 with the mother cell much larger than the buds
What is vegetative propagation?
A form of asexual reproduction that is a subdivision of fragmentation
What type of asexual reproduction has reproductive cells that form inside small structures?
Spores
