Sex and gender Flashcards
Sex
Biological differences between men and women
Primary sex characteristics
Genitalia used in reproduction
Secondary sex characteristics
Every other physical trait identifying someone as male or female
Gender
Socially constructed differences between men and women
Gender roles
Socially defined appropriate behavior for men and women
Berdache
3rd gender in NA cultuer- men who live as women, occupy female gender roles
Gender identity
Perception of self as male or female
When does socialization for gender identity occur?
18 months-3 years
What plays the most important role as socialization for gender identity?
Toys/games
Mothers tend to give _______ feedback for gender specific behavior
Positive
Fathers provide ___ reinforcement for girls, but ___ sanctions for boys breaking gender roles
+, -
Men’s sports were historically treated as an
Outlet for violence
Shows are
Sex typed
In media, men are portrayed as
Aggressive, constructive, direct, rewarded tor action
In media, women are portrayed as
Deferential, manipulative, helpless, seductive
In media, women are represented in ___________ more than in real life
high paying jobs
In ads, women are shown to be
Sexualized or homemakers as “ideal”
Patriarchy
Society where men mainly have control
Women couldn’t own property until
1900
Women couldn’t vote until
1920
Women couldn’t have a separate bank account from their husbands until
1976
Women live ___ years longer than men
5
Work is
Gender segregated
2/3rds of men and women work in occupations that are ______ dominated by their sex
> 75% dominated by their sex
Historically, women have worked as
Teachers, social work, librarians, nurses
Typical men’s jobs
Engineering, lawyers (Both very high paying)
Work si segregated within occupations. ____ of doctors 65+ are men, ___ of doctors under 35 are women
80%, 60%
Men and women specialize in different specialties in medicine- women are overconcentrated in _____________. Men tend to specialize in ___________
Family medicine, pediatrics, OBGYN.
Lucrative fields, EG cardiology, orthopedics, radiology
Men started becoming nurses when wages rose- what is this an ex of?
Invasion
Women make ____ for every $ men make
79 cents
Within the same job, pay gaps for men and women are ______
Slim to none
Are men or women more educated now?
Women
What is the main reason for the pay gap?
Men tend to choose higher paying jobs
What are a few non main reasons for the pay gap?
Employers may be reluctant to hire women because they’re worried she’ll get pregnant and leave (Both dsexes quit jobs at = rates, but for different reasons)
Network effect
> 1/2 of all jobs are recruited through networks
Men and women usually have ______ networks. What does this look like in practice?
Segregated- women tend to hire women in female dominated jobs
Women are concentrated in jobs that are recrtuited ______, eg _____
formally, gvmt jobs
Conflict theory for the pay gap
Gender roles hold women down, evidenced by pay gap. Controlled by men, women are focused on family and children instead of a career
Functionalist perspectice on the pay gap
Traditional gender roles are bestg for society because members are continually replaced- hosuehold division of labor is effective for meeting society’s needs, but salaries haven’t kept up with cost of living. Plus, women tend to have 2 jobs (career and homemaking)
