sex

Question 1

proceptive

Answer 1

referring to a state where a female advertises her readiness to mate through species typical behaviour

Question 2

sexual attraction

Answer 2

women peaks during fertility - for most species coapulation is not possible without the womens cooperation

mysterious

can also be because of same place at the same time

first stage in bringing male and famales together

animals emit stimuli that attract members of the opposite sex

also many associate it with being ready to reproduce

Question 3

appetitive behaviour

Answer 3

actively doing something that makes sex more probable

for humans it could be getting dressed up and going to the club

appetite for sex

behaviours designed to attract mates (proceptive)

Question 4

consummatory behaviour

Answer 4

corresponds to copulation or coitus in many species

Question 5

postcopulatory behaviour

Answer 5

characteristic post-coital behaviours, often associated with diminished sexual appetitie for some period of time

cleaning up

Question 6

refractory period

Answer 6

for awhile after copulation, males and/or females will not mate again

varies greatly between species

Question 7

coolidge effect

Answer 7

refractory period is considerably shortened if a refractory animal is provided with a novel partner
- will mate sooner if with a new partner

especially true of males, but also some females

Question 8

Heat/estrus

Answer 8

a period of greatly increased sexual receptivity

receptivity is low or absent outside of estrus

often coincides with ovulation, or whatever conditions are necessary for reproduction

at the same time as ova being spread
female often the one to choose when coapulation takes place

some species will not have sex outside this period

Question 9

copulatory lock

Answer 9

remarkable adaptation - male’s penises swell and lock into place for awhile

can be a firm lock

maximizes the probability of paternity, minimizes copulation by other rival males

Question 10

ring doves

Answer 10

male courts female through bowing

femle wing flips if sight of good male causing hormonal changes in female - if seperated by glass and can only see each other

makes male excited, so he starts making a nest

makes woman excited and she is ready to incubate and feed, egg lay

each stage has a hormonal correlate that is largely controlled by the behaviour of the other mate

Question 11

lordosis

Answer 11

a female’s receptive posture

four legged animals in which hindquarters are raised and the tail is turned to one side, facilitating intromission by the male

Question 12

estrogen

Answer 12

secreted at high levels at beginning of ovulatory cycle and gives rise to proceptive behaviour

peaks before ovulation

stimulate production of testoterone

Question 13

progesterone

Answer 13

sudden increase before ovulation maximizes proceptive behaviours and lordosis (receptive behaviour)

Question 14

ovariectomy

Answer 14

eliminates sexual responses

lordosis can be partially restored through estrogen replacements

behaviour requires both hormones

Question 15

vaginal code (cervicohypothalamic projection)

Answer 15

need penis hitting the cervix - mechanical stimulation - will signal to hypothalamus to get ready for pregnancy

Question 16

pseudopregnancy

Answer 16

females mated with castrated males (receiving replacement testosterone) get the usual vaginal/ cervical stimulation, and hence undergo the hormonal changes (prolactin releases)

such females show all the concomitants of pregnancy for quite some time afterwards - their bodies appeared to be fooled into thinking that they are pregnant

Question 17

induced ovulation

Answer 17

females of some species do not ovulate until mating occurs

such animals tend to be continually receptive or easily become receptive under the correct conditions

ie/ ovulation is stimulated when rats have their flanks stimulated

Question 18

induced puberty

Answer 18

female shrews do not even go through puberty until their first copulation - no secretion of gonadotrops until first coapulation

they will go through puberty and get pregnant all in one fell swoop - quite economical

Question 19

behavioural estrus

Answer 19

occurs when an animal has been exposed first to estrogen and then progesterone

Question 20

periaqeductal gray

Answer 20

lesions greatly diminish lordosis

Question 21

Human Ovarian cycle

Answer 21

1. FSH stimulates maturation of follicle
2. secretion of estrogen from maturing follicle causes LH secretion
3. LH secretion causes ovulation, then causes ruptured follicle to be a corpus luteum
4. corpus luteum secrete estrogen and progesterone, preparing uterus for pregnancy
5. without fertilization production of sex hormones declines, and menstruation begins again

in rats the luteal phase has to be induced, in humans it is spontaneous

Question 22

testosterone

Answer 22

drives most of male sexual behaviour
- males who fail to produce testosterone in puberty, do not show signs of sexual interest, additional testosterone also shows no effect

Question 23

testosterone in a rat

Answer 23

castrated males stop ejaculating within weeks

castrates stop mounting

t is cleared within hours, yet caustration effects are slow, suggesting structural changes

replacement of missing T restores the copulatory behaviour pretty much immediately

this is an example of the activational effect of testosterone

Question 24

permissive function of testosterone

Answer 24

the presence of testosterone in a male allows sexual behaviour but does not cause it

presence of testosterone changes sexual activity under the right circumstances

only a tiny amount of T is needed to maintain fully normal sexual behaviour. increasing it does not increase sexual behaviour or change it in any way

excess T produced by males underlies agression and territorial in rats. linear relationship between T and agression. but not in humans

Question 25

duds and studs

Answer 25

duds make T, and giving them extra T does not turn them into studs castrated male rats given replacement T are much the same, a tiny does of T restores the studs to their former studliness- and no amount of T will studlify a Dud serotonin may be responsible for dudliness

Question 26

kinsey report

Answer 26

first descriptive info revelations about masturbation, homosexuality first realization that humans are engaging in this

Question 27

masters and johnson

Answer 27

studies the physiology and phenomenology of human copulation among other things gave physiological evidence of female orgasm being very similar to the male orgasm. for orgasm, men ejaculation, women coapulation describes the physiological correlates of each phase in coapulation: increase excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution described huge variability in sexual positions among hums

Question 28

INAH3 (3RD INTERSTITUAL NUCLEUS OF THE ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS)

Answer 28

much larger in men than women much larger in heterosexual men than in homosexual men

Question 29

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 29

involved in rhythms differs between hetero and homo men homosexual men have reported different light/dark levels

Question 30

effects of sexual behaviour on CNS

Answer 30

castrates with T implant copulators paired with female for 30 days non coapulators - no access to femal result: experience of having sex changed the brain. - SNB diffs between groups - must be due to behaviour, not hormone

Question 31

gay man hand

Answer 31

index finger and ring finger same size

Question 32

gay woman hand

Answer 32

ring finger bigger than index

Question 33

fraternal birth order effect

Answer 33

carrying male uterus changes subsequent babies orientation if you have three or more brothers (more likely to be gay), this increases with more older brothers

Question 34

F-series prostaglandins

Answer 34

released as part to ovulation in goldfish pheremone, attracts males to mate - highly adaptive for males to be sensitive to F prostaglandins

Question 35

vomeronasal organ

Answer 35

have olfactory organs that sense pheromones a secondary olfactory organ, air can be directed to it for direction of pheromones

Question 36

fighting in male mice

Answer 36

controlled almost entirely from pheromones (urine) directly controlled by olfactory cues - androgen metabolites in strange male's urine provokes agression this is an attempt by the resident male to limit mating in rivals

Question 37

the bruce effect

Answer 37

pregnant female mice, of they detect a strange male's scent, will spontaneously abort and resorb the fetuses other species do this too very adaptive - if the father is gone, the new male will not care for the pips, or may attack them the female does not lose the protein, thus not too costly to resorb

Question 38

menstrual synchrony

Answer 38

the mcclintock effect. What signal is being passed between women women living together tend to menstruate at the same time. pheronomal? some vestige of a hominid adaptation - perhaps an anti-predator strategy - likely predator can not eat all the babies, more probability of yours staying alive prsumably mediated by pheromones - humans DO have a vomeronasal organ simple exposure to sweat from another woman can produce synchronixation

Question 39

andron

Answer 39

perfumes based on sex steroid fragments

Question 40

parthenogenesis

Answer 40

asexual, virgin birth in some species, there are only females and no exchange of gametes offspring is essentially clones evolution still occurs - beneficial mutations may arise spontaneously, and if they prolong the life of the animal, more offspring with that gene will be born since each offspring a nearly 100% copy of the parent, the parent's inclusive fitness should be very high

Question 41

sexual reproduction

Answer 41

more common, yet only 50 percent transmission of genes to offspring, so how is inclusive fitness maximized? gamete-swapping allows for rapid joining of beneficial mutations from 2 genetic lines - gives a sort of accelerated adaptation - produce more successful offspring - we are products of many successful offspring

Question 42

variable strategies

Answer 42

some species can switch between sexual and asexual reproduction in response to local environmental constraints - if only a few offspring will be able to survive, best that genes be swapped in hopes of getting good mutations aphids - decide for asexual or sexual based on environment - for survival

Question 43

hermaphroditism

Answer 43

make both types of gametes true ones contain both male and female sex organs, make both sorts of gametes and reproduce sexually by swapping sperm with neighbours sexual reproduction may have arisen from cheating in hermaphroditic systems counter adaptation would be to picky about sperm, increasing fitness of offspring and not needing to invest showy ornaments, agression etc etc

Question 44

serial hermaphrodites

Answer 44

make both types of gametes at different points in life - when they get older switch from ova to sperm species that have the capability of switching sex when they get older much more common for female to switch to male larger males dominate a harem of smaller females if the male is removed, largest female may rapidly begin to change into a male is she/he can sucessfully dominate the harem, inclusive fitness goes up smaller females do not have this motive, because they will be unable to defeat invading males

Question 45

monomorphic

Answer 45

males and females same

Question 46

dimorphic

Answer 46

males and females different

Question 47

polymorphic

Answer 47

pronounced and profound

Question 48

competing goals

Answer 48

males typically make small cheap, motile sperm, and frequent mating without investment maximizes their inclusive fitness females make few expensive ova (investing in quality), invest an enormous amount in gestation and perental care females thus motivated to get their best quality sperm and wherever possible to get a direct investment by the father

Question 49

parental investment

Answer 49

may be food collection, rearing, warding off predators etc especially important in humans, and other species where offspring are helpless may explain more or less absence of estrus and continual receptivity in human females - males don't know when they are fertilizing an egg, so they have to stay around to be sure of breeding

Question 50

promiscuity

Answer 50

both females have numerous mates this allows for sperm competition (intense competition in a women's genetal tract)

Question 51

polygyny

Answer 51

multiple females one male mating with numerous females often in forms of harems differs from promiscuity in that females do not have access to multiple males sort of a compromise - male gets numerous matings, females get quality stock and a degree of paternal investment very common i mammals, and in many human societies

Question 52

polyandry

Answer 52

multiple males one female, many males males do not have access to other females pretty uncommon strategy - because of nature of ova and sperm where does it occur, you usually find the males less decorative than the females, smaller and provide more of the paternal care females compete for males and abandon offsprig to males care

Question 53

monogamy

Answer 53

one male, one female more stable in species with very altrical young considerable pressure to cheat, either for males to get additional matings or for females to select the best sperm uncertainty of paternity - potent force, because males are making such a large investment

Question 54

sexual differentiation

Answer 54

is the process by which a largely-undifferentiated embryo of a species turns into either a female or a male begins before birth in mammal

Question 55

sex determination

Answer 55

provided by the sex chromosomes

Question 56

indifferent gonads

Answer 56

undifferentiated gonads of the early mammilian fetus, which will eventually develop into testes resemble both

Question 57

step one in sexual differentiation

Answer 57

Sry gene expression occurs by embryonic week 7 Sry is part of the Y chromosome - responsible for development of the testes codes for a hormone called Sry protein therefore if a Y is present, this hormone is produced. if there is no Y, the default condition is no hormone (develops into ovary)

Question 58

step two of sexual differentiation

Answer 58

in the embryo of humans and other species, the primordial gonad is undifferentiated or bipotential. that is, there is a general purpose gonad that is neither a testicle of ovary if Sry protein is present after week 7 (humans), it will direct the primordial gonad to develop into a testes if there is no Sry protein present, the primordial gonad will develop into an ovary. this is the basis of the statement that the default human is female - maleness is imposed upon a female template testes begin to make testosterone immediately ovaries in contrast, do not produce hormones at first

Question 59

genital tubercle

Answer 59

in early fetus, a "bump" between the legs that develops into a clitoris or penis

Question 60

step 3 of sexual differentiation

Answer 60

around week 10 fetus has both male and female system of ducts from gonads to outside world

Question 61

mullerian system

Answer 61

sytem that provides the basis of a female reproductive tract

Question 62

wolffian system

Answer 62

provides the basis of a male tract

Question 63

if the testes develop during sexual differentiation

Answer 63

testes secrete testosterone and mullerian regression hormone (MRH) MRH causes mullerian structures to deteriorate, and the wolffian system develops, under control of T some peripheral tissue, especially epithelium, contains enzyme 5 alpha reductase - converts T to extra potent dihydrotestosterone (DHT) prostate develops under T control

Question 64

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Answer 64

masculinizes the external genitalia into penis, scrotum

Question 65

if the ovaries develop during sexual differentiation

Answer 65

no T is present, no MRH is present and by default the wolffian system deteriorates mullerian system develops into female internal structures peripheral tissue develops into labia and clitoris

Question 66

Srx

Answer 66

XX females, but one X also has Sry region tacked on develop in XX with testes - male looking produce nonfunctional sperm

Question 67

turner's syndrome

Answer 67

only one sex chromosome, an X ( can not have a single Y) defaults to a famale emphasized language skills underdeveloped ovaries - no SRY gene available

Question 68

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 68

adrenal produce too little cortisol, so pituitary secretes ton of ACTH exposing female fetus to androgens, resulting in partial masculinations adrenals enlarges and output of androstenedione is way up intersex genitals result - can be corrected may produce tomboy behaviour intersex appearance (size between clitoris and penis) will not effect males - already have enough testosterone

Question 69

androgen insensitivity syndrome

Answer 69

XY's who are insensitive to their own testoterone caused by an androgen receptor gene mutation that makes tissue insensitive to T (cant respond to it) they develop the default female body, including functioning clitoris they make MRH, so they lack internal genitalia

Question 70

hormone organization effect

Answer 70

early effects of hormones on the nervous system permanent

Question 71

hormone activation effect

Answer 71

effect of sex hormones in "switching on" behaviour in adults transient

Question 72

sensitive period in hormones

Answer 72

there is often a finite perinatal "window" during which time a hormone may exert its organizational effect a post-natal sensitive period is more probable in altricial species than in pecocious species

Question 73

early T

Answer 73

T imposes male patterns of behaviour on the female default early exposure to T is critical for this ( in mammals)

Question 74

defeminization

Answer 74

perinatal T treatment in females decreased or abolished lordosis in adulthood

Question 75

masculinization

Answer 75

perinatal treatment in either females or castrated males adult T treatment results in male copulatory behaviour - mounts, intromissions and ejactulations

Question 76

demasculization

Answer 76

castration, especially if early in development results in diminished or absent male sexual behaviour in the case of early castration, adult T replacement cannot reverse the effect

Question 77

feminization

Answer 77

perinatal castration adult treatment with estrogen and progesterone results in normal lordosis in the castrated males

Question 78

aromatase

Answer 78

enzyme that helps T to be converted to a significant extent in the brain, into estradiol this then acts of estrogen receptors in the brain and produces a masculinization

Question 79

alphafetoprotein

Answer 79

circulates in blood and sequesters estrogens - can't reach the brain does not affter T

Question 80

aromatization hypothesis

Answer 80

in early castrates, treatment with DHT demasculinizes the brain and adult T cannot provoke copulation. DHT cannot be aromatized if early castrates treated with EB instead, show normal copulatory responses to T in adulthood, despite micropenis (due to the lack of DHT in developent) less true of primates

Question 81

SNB and angogenital licking

Answer 81

mums lick this region of male pups more than female pups anosmic mums, who can not differentiate males from females lick less

Question 82

ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 82

involved in sexual behaviours, eating and agression contains estrogen and progesterone - sensitive neurons crucial for lordosis - lesions abolish the response estradiol implanted directly induce receptivity in females