sex Flashcards

Question

duds and studs

Answer 1

duds make T, and giving them extra T does not turn them into studs castrated male rats given replacement T are much the same, a tiny does of T restores the studs to their former studliness- and no amount of T will studlify a Dud serotonin may be responsible for dudliness

Answer 2

first descriptive info revelations about masturbation, homosexuality first realization that humans are engaging in this

Answer 3

studies the physiology and phenomenology of human copulation among other things gave physiological evidence of female orgasm being very similar to the male orgasm. for orgasm, men ejaculation, women coapulation describes the physiological correlates of each phase in coapulation: increase excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution described huge variability in sexual positions among hums

Answer 4

much larger in men than women much larger in heterosexual men than in homosexual men

Answer 5

involved in rhythms differs between hetero and homo men homosexual men have reported different light/dark levels

Answer 6

castrates with T implant copulators paired with female for 30 days non coapulators - no access to femal result: experience of having sex changed the brain. - SNB diffs between groups - must be due to behaviour, not hormone

Answer 7

index finger and ring finger same size

Answer 8

ring finger bigger than index

Answer 9

carrying male uterus changes subsequent babies orientation if you have three or more brothers (more likely to be gay), this increases with more older brothers

Answer 10

released as part to ovulation in goldfish pheremone, attracts males to mate - highly adaptive for males to be sensitive to F prostaglandins

Answer 11

have olfactory organs that sense pheromones a secondary olfactory organ, air can be directed to it for direction of pheromones

Answer 12

controlled almost entirely from pheromones (urine) directly controlled by olfactory cues - androgen metabolites in strange male's urine provokes agression this is an attempt by the resident male to limit mating in rivals

Answer 13

pregnant female mice, of they detect a strange male's scent, will spontaneously abort and resorb the fetuses other species do this too very adaptive - if the father is gone, the new male will not care for the pips, or may attack them the female does not lose the protein, thus not too costly to resorb

Answer 14

the mcclintock effect. What signal is being passed between women women living together tend to menstruate at the same time. pheronomal? some vestige of a hominid adaptation - perhaps an anti-predator strategy - likely predator can not eat all the babies, more probability of yours staying alive prsumably mediated by pheromones - humans DO have a vomeronasal organ simple exposure to sweat from another woman can produce synchronixation

Answer 15

perfumes based on sex steroid fragments

Answer 16

asexual, virgin birth in some species, there are only females and no exchange of gametes offspring is essentially clones evolution still occurs - beneficial mutations may arise spontaneously, and if they prolong the life of the animal, more offspring with that gene will be born since each offspring a nearly 100% copy of the parent, the parent's inclusive fitness should be very high

Answer 17

more common, yet only 50 percent transmission of genes to offspring, so how is inclusive fitness maximized? gamete-swapping allows for rapid joining of beneficial mutations from 2 genetic lines - gives a sort of accelerated adaptation - produce more successful offspring - we are products of many successful offspring

Answer 18

some species can switch between sexual and asexual reproduction in response to local environmental constraints - if only a few offspring will be able to survive, best that genes be swapped in hopes of getting good mutations aphids - decide for asexual or sexual based on environment - for survival

Answer 19

make both types of gametes true ones contain both male and female sex organs, make both sorts of gametes and reproduce sexually by swapping sperm with neighbours sexual reproduction may have arisen from cheating in hermaphroditic systems counter adaptation would be to picky about sperm, increasing fitness of offspring and not needing to invest showy ornaments, agression etc etc

Answer 20

make both types of gametes at different points in life - when they get older switch from ova to sperm species that have the capability of switching sex when they get older much more common for female to switch to male larger males dominate a harem of smaller females if the male is removed, largest female may rapidly begin to change into a male is she/he can sucessfully dominate the harem, inclusive fitness goes up smaller females do not have this motive, because they will be unable to defeat invading males

Answer 21

males and females same

Answer 22

males and females different

Answer 23

pronounced and profound

Answer 24

males typically make small cheap, motile sperm, and frequent mating without investment maximizes their inclusive fitness females make few expensive ova (investing in quality), invest an enormous amount in gestation and perental care females thus motivated to get their best quality sperm and wherever possible to get a direct investment by the father

Answer 25

may be food collection, rearing, warding off predators etc especially important in humans, and other species where offspring are helpless may explain more or less absence of estrus and continual receptivity in human females - males don't know when they are fertilizing an egg, so they have to stay around to be sure of breeding

Answer 26

both females have numerous mates this allows for sperm competition (intense competition in a women's genetal tract)

Answer 27

multiple females one male mating with numerous females often in forms of harems differs from promiscuity in that females do not have access to multiple males sort of a compromise - male gets numerous matings, females get quality stock and a degree of paternal investment very common i mammals, and in many human societies

Answer 28

multiple males one female, many males males do not have access to other females pretty uncommon strategy - because of nature of ova and sperm where does it occur, you usually find the males less decorative than the females, smaller and provide more of the paternal care females compete for males and abandon offsprig to males care

Answer 29

one male, one female more stable in species with very altrical young considerable pressure to cheat, either for males to get additional matings or for females to select the best sperm uncertainty of paternity - potent force, because males are making such a large investment

Answer 30

is the process by which a largely-undifferentiated embryo of a species turns into either a female or a male begins before birth in mammal

Answer 31

provided by the sex chromosomes

Answer 32

undifferentiated gonads of the early mammilian fetus, which will eventually develop into testes resemble both

Answer 33

Sry gene expression occurs by embryonic week 7 Sry is part of the Y chromosome - responsible for development of the testes codes for a hormone called Sry protein therefore if a Y is present, this hormone is produced. if there is no Y, the default condition is no hormone (develops into ovary)

Answer 34

in the embryo of humans and other species, the primordial gonad is undifferentiated or bipotential. that is, there is a general purpose gonad that is neither a testicle of ovary if Sry protein is present after week 7 (humans), it will direct the primordial gonad to develop into a testes if there is no Sry protein present, the primordial gonad will develop into an ovary. this is the basis of the statement that the default human is female - maleness is imposed upon a female template testes begin to make testosterone immediately ovaries in contrast, do not produce hormones at first

Answer 35

in early fetus, a "bump" between the legs that develops into a clitoris or penis

Answer 36

around week 10 fetus has both male and female system of ducts from gonads to outside world

Answer 37

sytem that provides the basis of a female reproductive tract

Answer 38

provides the basis of a male tract

Answer 39

testes secrete testosterone and mullerian regression hormone (MRH) MRH causes mullerian structures to deteriorate, and the wolffian system develops, under control of T some peripheral tissue, especially epithelium, contains enzyme 5 alpha reductase - converts T to extra potent dihydrotestosterone (DHT) prostate develops under T control

Answer 40

masculinizes the external genitalia into penis, scrotum

Answer 41

no T is present, no MRH is present and by default the wolffian system deteriorates mullerian system develops into female internal structures peripheral tissue develops into labia and clitoris

Answer 42

XX females, but one X also has Sry region tacked on develop in XX with testes - male looking produce nonfunctional sperm

Answer 43

only one sex chromosome, an X ( can not have a single Y) defaults to a famale emphasized language skills underdeveloped ovaries - no SRY gene available

Answer 44

adrenal produce too little cortisol, so pituitary secretes ton of ACTH exposing female fetus to androgens, resulting in partial masculinations adrenals enlarges and output of androstenedione is way up intersex genitals result - can be corrected may produce tomboy behaviour intersex appearance (size between clitoris and penis) will not effect males - already have enough testosterone

Answer 45

XY's who are insensitive to their own testoterone caused by an androgen receptor gene mutation that makes tissue insensitive to T (cant respond to it) they develop the default female body, including functioning clitoris they make MRH, so they lack internal genitalia

Answer 46

early effects of hormones on the nervous system permanent

Answer 47

effect of sex hormones in "switching on" behaviour in adults transient

Answer 48

there is often a finite perinatal "window" during which time a hormone may exert its organizational effect a post-natal sensitive period is more probable in altricial species than in pecocious species

Answer 49

T imposes male patterns of behaviour on the female default early exposure to T is critical for this ( in mammals)

Answer 50

perinatal T treatment in females decreased or abolished lordosis in adulthood

Answer 51

perinatal treatment in either females or castrated males adult T treatment results in male copulatory behaviour - mounts, intromissions and ejactulations

Answer 52

castration, especially if early in development results in diminished or absent male sexual behaviour in the case of early castration, adult T replacement cannot reverse the effect

Answer 53

perinatal castration adult treatment with estrogen and progesterone results in normal lordosis in the castrated males

Answer 54

enzyme that helps T to be converted to a significant extent in the brain, into estradiol this then acts of estrogen receptors in the brain and produces a masculinization

Answer 55

circulates in blood and sequesters estrogens - can't reach the brain does not affter T

Answer 56

in early castrates, treatment with DHT demasculinizes the brain and adult T cannot provoke copulation. DHT cannot be aromatized if early castrates treated with EB instead, show normal copulatory responses to T in adulthood, despite micropenis (due to the lack of DHT in developent) less true of primates

Answer 57

mums lick this region of male pups more than female pups anosmic mums, who can not differentiate males from females lick less

Answer 58

involved in sexual behaviours, eating and agression contains estrogen and progesterone - sensitive neurons crucial for lordosis - lesions abolish the response estradiol implanted directly induce receptivity in females