emotions

Question 1

3 perspectives of emotion

Answer 1

emotion as a feeling
emotion as physiological arousal
emotion as behavioural acts

Question 2

qualia

Answer 2

describes perceptive qualities of internal states

usually a blend of emotions

Question 3

emotion

Answer 3

a subjective mental state that usually accompanied by distinctive cognition, behaviour and physiological changes

guide our responses, daily threats, and opportunity

may have without anyone being aware of it

Question 4

emotion as a feeling

Answer 4

purely subjective self reports

can be overt behavioural signs of feelings but usually poorly correlated with inner state

very complex, perhaps a blends of numerous basic states

Question 5

emotion as physiological arousal

Answer 5

slow

there are often distinct, measurable changes in the body that signal emotional states

brains job is to decide whether an emotion is the right response to a stimuli

objective rather than subjective, but unlabelled

Question 6

emotion as behavioural acts

Answer 6

that can be observed and reported

emotions serve to make behaviours adaptive

this control of behaviour can be readily observed across species

ie/ attack behaviour, defensive burying, finding for food

motivated behaviours (reward behaviour) emotion is viewed as a drive

emotion tends to serve a beneficial purpose

Question 7

wundt

Answer 7

introspection (own internal state)

3 sets of opposing states, with a given emotional state being described as a continum

Question 8

Darwin

Answer 8

argued that the expressions of emotion were evolved traits serving specific functions, just like other evolved characteristics

expressions evolve from behaviours that indicate what an animal is likely to do next

that if this display is beneficial, it may evolve into a communicative role divorced from the original behaviour,

that opposite intentions can be signaled by opposite expressions.

Question 9

james-lange theory of emotion

Answer 9

noted that strong emotions are inseparable from bodily sensations

J-L suggest that an environmental stimulus directly causes a physiological response and that is the perception of this bodily change that is felt as emotion

Question 10

cannon-bard theory of emotion

Answer 10

argue against JL, nothing that a given physiological response or set of responses could be associated with a variety of emotions (simultaneously happening)
ie/ tears of joy vs tears of grief vs tears of rage

instead they view the brain as integrator of emotional experience and response, producing bodily change in reaction to emotion
- bodily change follows or parallels emotional integration

Question 11

attribution theory - Schacter

Answer 11

argues that we attach emotional labels to one and the same sort of physiological arousal depending on environemental cues

what is the emotion that surrounds this?

ie/ aroused by a bear, you know that you are scared

argues all arousal is the same, but measurements show that it is not

also, reduced arousal due to beta blockers does not appear to blunt emotiona

Question 12

universality of emotions

Answer 12

argues that their are 7 basic facial expressions

these are present and identical in all species

no training neccessary for these

many subties are a blending of the basic 7

can not account for a large variability of expressions
does not account for cultural diffs

Question 13

paralinguistic theory

Answer 13

argued that we should focus on the social role of facial expression

there is no good reason to suppose that facial expression is a direct reflection of internal state

instead, they are employed as tools with distinct social goals

Question 14

trigeminal nerve

Answer 14

5th cranial nerve

supplies for chewing

Question 15

7th cranial nerve

Answer 15

motor neurons in facial nerve nucleus of brainstem

these motor neurons receive direct and indirect info from many cortical regions

forehead is controlled via both hemispheres, but lower part of the face is innervated from contralateral hemisphere only - this has important diagnostic implications

Question 16

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 16

suggest that sensory feedback from our facial expressions can effect our mood

Question 17

superficial facial muscles

Answer 17

attach only between differentpoints of facial skin

contraction changes the shape of the mouth, eyes or nose. may even create a dimple

Question 18

deep facial muscles

Answer 18

attach to bone and produce larger scale movement like chewing

Question 19

voluntary vs spontaneous expressions

Answer 19

voluntary is cortical

emotional activation of face muscles has a seperate subcortical route (spontaneous)

Question 20

loss of spatial smiling

Answer 20

patients with motor cortex damage or pseudobulbar palsy

when asked to smile only one half of smile is produced, other side remains limp

when told a joke, normal smile is produced

highlights existance of a seperate control system

Question 21

loss of emotional smiling

Answer 21

parkinsons disease

damage to subcortical structures

a major feature is “flat effect” during convo, but expressions can be performed to command

Question 22

kluver-bucy syndrome

Answer 22

a condition brought on by bilateral amygdala damage that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes inducing reduction in fear and anxiety

syndrome associated with damage or surgery of anterior temporal lobes

lack of fear and tameness

Question 23

microexpressions

Answer 23

0.05 sec flashes of the real emotion may break through the fake one

Question 24

polygraphy

Answer 24

capitalizes on automatic changes

basic idea that sudden changes in emotions will be reflected in one or more changes in automatic measures

detect emotions

Question 25

the duchenne smile

Answer 25

contraction of the orbicularis oculi - encircles the eye and pulls skin toward the eyeball

contraction of zygomaticus major - which pulls up the corners of the mouth. under cognitive control

Question 26

guilty knowledge approach

Answer 26

using a piece of knowledge in the question that only the guilty party would now

might show reaction to the true statement - differs from reaction to another thing

innocent would react similarily to all things

Question 27

individual response stereotypy

Answer 27

we have unique response patterns to various emotion-provoking stimuli

present in infancy and remains unchanged throughout life

Question 28

addison’s disease

Answer 28

diminished glucocorticoid secretion associated with depression

produce too much cortisol

Question 29

cushing’s disease

Answer 29

increased glucocorticoid secretion, also associated with depression

not enough cortisol

Question 30

sham rage

Answer 30

decortication causes animals to react previously unimportant stimuli with intense apparent rage

often behaviour was not directed at particular targets, and was poorly coordinated

suggests that emotional behaviours of this sort depend on cortical structures

loss of cortex removed inhibition

Question 31

papez’s circuit

Answer 31

looked at brains of psychiatric patients and noted areas of damage

looked at structural similarities ad interconnections of a number of midline subcortical structures, including amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, septum, hypothalamus and cingulate cortex

Question 32

intermale aggression

Answer 32

aggression between males of same species

Question 33

agression

Answer 33

behaviour that is intended to cause harm or pain to others

physical or emotional

caustration reduced aggression (not in humans)

Question 34

offensive aggression

Answer 34

social aggression

designed to attain some desired thing, status, mate

Question 35

defensive aggression

Answer 35

against predators, other attackers

motivation is self preservation or defense of status

Question 36

maternal aggression

Answer 36

a species case of defensive aggression, can be especially violent and easily provoked in some species

can be difficult to distinguish from offensive aggression at times, as it may be pre-emptive

Question 37

predatory aggression

Answer 37

should be called feeding behaviour, since the motive is to eat, not to inflict injury for some purpose

in humans - also a desire to harm someone

Question 38

amygdala

Answer 38

group of nuclei in medial anterior part of the temporal lobe

distinctive set of connection

receives and integrate info from a variety of sources, especially via the basolateral and basomedial nuclei of the amygdala

Question 39

fear circuitry

Answer 39

classical conditioning

pairing aversive stimulus with a neutral ones

Question 40

stress

Answer 40

any circumstance that upsets homeostatic balance

the cluster of physiological changes associated with exposure to hard or threat, whether real or perceived

SNS stimulate adrenal gland to release of epinephrine and noepinephrine

increased cortisol (acts slower)
decreased testosterone
incrwase epinephrine and noepinephrine
alterations in immune function

Question 41

allostasis

Answer 41

wear and tear on the body because of internal stress

Question 42

CNS influence on immune

Answer 42

via automatic nervous system or hypothal-pit-endocrine axis

automatic fibres may be found within immune glands

noepinephrine, peptides, alter antibody production

hypothalamic lesions alter antibody production

immune cels contain NT receptors

Question 43

immune influences on CNS

Answer 43

presense of antibodies in hypothalamus alters neuronal firing rate

other immune products such as interleukins and interferon can directly affect neural functions