emotions Flashcards
3 perspectives of emotion
emotion as a feeling
emotion as physiological arousal
emotion as behavioural acts
qualia
describes perceptive qualities of internal states
usually a blend of emotions
emotion
a subjective mental state that usually accompanied by distinctive cognition, behaviour and physiological changes
guide our responses, daily threats, and opportunity
may have without anyone being aware of it
emotion as a feeling
purely subjective self reports
can be overt behavioural signs of feelings but usually poorly correlated with inner state
very complex, perhaps a blends of numerous basic states
emotion as physiological arousal
slow
there are often distinct, measurable changes in the body that signal emotional states
brains job is to decide whether an emotion is the right response to a stimuli
objective rather than subjective, but unlabelled
emotion as behavioural acts
that can be observed and reported
emotions serve to make behaviours adaptive
this control of behaviour can be readily observed across species
ie/ attack behaviour, defensive burying, finding for food
motivated behaviours (reward behaviour) emotion is viewed as a drive
emotion tends to serve a beneficial purpose
wundt
introspection (own internal state)
3 sets of opposing states, with a given emotional state being described as a continum
Darwin
argued that the expressions of emotion were evolved traits serving specific functions, just like other evolved characteristics
expressions evolve from behaviours that indicate what an animal is likely to do next
that if this display is beneficial, it may evolve into a communicative role divorced from the original behaviour,
that opposite intentions can be signaled by opposite expressions.
james-lange theory of emotion
noted that strong emotions are inseparable from bodily sensations
J-L suggest that an environmental stimulus directly causes a physiological response and that is the perception of this bodily change that is felt as emotion
cannon-bard theory of emotion
argue against JL, nothing that a given physiological response or set of responses could be associated with a variety of emotions (simultaneously happening)
ie/ tears of joy vs tears of grief vs tears of rage
instead they view the brain as integrator of emotional experience and response, producing bodily change in reaction to emotion
- bodily change follows or parallels emotional integration
attribution theory - Schacter
argues that we attach emotional labels to one and the same sort of physiological arousal depending on environemental cues
what is the emotion that surrounds this?
ie/ aroused by a bear, you know that you are scared
argues all arousal is the same, but measurements show that it is not
also, reduced arousal due to beta blockers does not appear to blunt emotiona
universality of emotions
argues that their are 7 basic facial expressions
these are present and identical in all species
no training neccessary for these
many subties are a blending of the basic 7
can not account for a large variability of expressions
does not account for cultural diffs
paralinguistic theory
argued that we should focus on the social role of facial expression
there is no good reason to suppose that facial expression is a direct reflection of internal state
instead, they are employed as tools with distinct social goals
trigeminal nerve
5th cranial nerve
supplies for chewing
7th cranial nerve
motor neurons in facial nerve nucleus of brainstem
these motor neurons receive direct and indirect info from many cortical regions
forehead is controlled via both hemispheres, but lower part of the face is innervated from contralateral hemisphere only - this has important diagnostic implications
facial feedback hypothesis
suggest that sensory feedback from our facial expressions can effect our mood
superficial facial muscles
attach only between differentpoints of facial skin
contraction changes the shape of the mouth, eyes or nose. may even create a dimple
deep facial muscles
attach to bone and produce larger scale movement like chewing
voluntary vs spontaneous expressions
voluntary is cortical
emotional activation of face muscles has a seperate subcortical route (spontaneous)
loss of spatial smiling
patients with motor cortex damage or pseudobulbar palsy
when asked to smile only one half of smile is produced, other side remains limp
when told a joke, normal smile is produced
highlights existance of a seperate control system
loss of emotional smiling
parkinsons disease
damage to subcortical structures
a major feature is “flat effect” during convo, but expressions can be performed to command
kluver-bucy syndrome
a condition brought on by bilateral amygdala damage that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes inducing reduction in fear and anxiety
syndrome associated with damage or surgery of anterior temporal lobes
lack of fear and tameness
microexpressions
0.05 sec flashes of the real emotion may break through the fake one
polygraphy
capitalizes on automatic changes
basic idea that sudden changes in emotions will be reflected in one or more changes in automatic measures
detect emotions
the duchenne smile
contraction of the orbicularis oculi - encircles the eye and pulls skin toward the eyeball
contraction of zygomaticus major - which pulls up the corners of the mouth. under cognitive control
guilty knowledge approach
using a piece of knowledge in the question that only the guilty party would now
might show reaction to the true statement - differs from reaction to another thing
innocent would react similarily to all things
individual response stereotypy
we have unique response patterns to various emotion-provoking stimuli
present in infancy and remains unchanged throughout life
addison’s disease
diminished glucocorticoid secretion associated with depression
produce too much cortisol
cushing’s disease
increased glucocorticoid secretion, also associated with depression
not enough cortisol
sham rage
decortication causes animals to react previously unimportant stimuli with intense apparent rage
often behaviour was not directed at particular targets, and was poorly coordinated
suggests that emotional behaviours of this sort depend on cortical structures
loss of cortex removed inhibition
papez’s circuit
looked at brains of psychiatric patients and noted areas of damage
looked at structural similarities ad interconnections of a number of midline subcortical structures, including amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, septum, hypothalamus and cingulate cortex
intermale aggression
aggression between males of same species
agression
behaviour that is intended to cause harm or pain to others
physical or emotional
caustration reduced aggression (not in humans)
offensive aggression
social aggression
designed to attain some desired thing, status, mate
defensive aggression
against predators, other attackers
motivation is self preservation or defense of status
maternal aggression
a species case of defensive aggression, can be especially violent and easily provoked in some species
can be difficult to distinguish from offensive aggression at times, as it may be pre-emptive
predatory aggression
should be called feeding behaviour, since the motive is to eat, not to inflict injury for some purpose
in humans - also a desire to harm someone
amygdala
group of nuclei in medial anterior part of the temporal lobe
distinctive set of connection
receives and integrate info from a variety of sources, especially via the basolateral and basomedial nuclei of the amygdala
fear circuitry
classical conditioning
pairing aversive stimulus with a neutral ones
stress
any circumstance that upsets homeostatic balance
the cluster of physiological changes associated with exposure to hard or threat, whether real or perceived
SNS stimulate adrenal gland to release of epinephrine and noepinephrine
increased cortisol (acts slower)
decreased testosterone
incrwase epinephrine and noepinephrine
alterations in immune function
allostasis
wear and tear on the body because of internal stress
CNS influence on immune
via automatic nervous system or hypothal-pit-endocrine axis
automatic fibres may be found within immune glands
noepinephrine, peptides, alter antibody production
hypothalamic lesions alter antibody production
immune cels contain NT receptors
immune influences on CNS
presense of antibodies in hypothalamus alters neuronal firing rate
other immune products such as interleukins and interferon can directly affect neural functions
