Settler Colonialism

Question 1

Define:
A) Indian
B) Native
C) Aboriginal
D) Indigenous

Answer 1

A) Legal identity of an Indigenous person who is registered under the Indian Act
B) Collective term referring to First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples; in Canada, has been replaced by Indigenous
C) Collective noun used in Constitution Act, 1982, and includes First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples
D) A collective noun for First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples, most common term in Canada

Question 2

A) What is the aim of classic colonialism?
B) What is the aim of settler colonialism?

Answer 2

A) Its aim is to take advantage of resources that will benefit the metropole
B) Its aim is to acquire land so colonists can settle permanently and form new communities

Question 3

What is an example of settler colonialism?

Answer 3

Indigenous inhabitants experienced genocide, forced removal, and/or confinement to reservations, colonists attempted to forcibly assimilate indigenous peoples (cultural genocide)

Question 4

What is settler colonialism?

Answer 4

The colonizers “come to stay” and intend to permanently occupy and assert sovereignty over lands. Invasion is a structure and not an event. Persists in ongoing elimination of Indigenous populations.

Question 5

What is The Indian Act?

Answer 5

Canadian federal law that governs all matters regarding to indigenous relations

Question 6

In regards to indigenous rights what is:
A) The Royal Proclamation (1763)
B) The Bagot Commission (1842-1844)

Answer 6

A) King George III legally verified the original occupancy, ownership, and hunting rights of Indigenous people. Laid groundwork for future treaties.
B) Conducted by Governor-General, Sir Robert Bagot. Proposed the seperation of children from their parents as the most expedient way to achieve assimilation. Reinforced by Egerton Ryerson, recommended residential schools.

Question 7

What is the Gradual Enfranchisement Act (1869)

Answer 7

A) Established indigenous elective band councils with restricted governing powers, determined who would be eligible for band and treaty benefits. Allowed for gender-based restrictions and regulated alcohol consumption.

Question 8

What is the Indian Act (1876) and what did it impose control over

Answer 8

Made to control and assimilate Indigenous peoples into Canadian society.
Imposed control over band councils, reserves, status and membership, and more. Installed Indian Agents on reserves to implement government policy such as making children attend residential schools

Question 9

What elements of the Indian Act did South Africa’s Apartheid model after.

Answer 9

Assimilation policies including Indian status, reserve system, and pass system.
Indian Act declared ceremonies like Potlatch and Sundance illegal until 1951.
Indian act allowed Indian agents to rename First Nations peoples with European names.

Question 10

How are effects of settler colonialism ongoing?

Answer 10

Suicide rates among Indigenous peoples are much higher than non-Indigenous

Question 11

What is an example of Canada’s recent effort of reconciliation regarding the Blackfoot Treaty?

Answer 11

Canada broke its Blackfoot Treaty promise and took almost half of Siksika Nation’s reserve land. This agreement provides $1.3 billion compensation

Question 12

A) What is Two-Spirit?
B) When was the term developed

Answer 12

A) An indigenous gender identity beyond “man” and “woman”
B) In 1990, but concept existed for centuries

Question 13

What are two main factors that have contributed to growing Aboriginal population?

Answer 13

1) Natural growth: increased life expectancy, high fertility rates
2) Changes in self-reported identification; more people are identifying as Aboriginal

Question 14

What are E-Tags and when were they introduced?

Answer 14

RCMP introduced an I.D. numbering system for the Inuit in 1940. Each Inuk was assigned a four digit registration on an E-disk. All Inuit had to use their E-disks to register births, marriages, and deaths

Question 15

What and when was the first residential school in the North

Answer 15

Opened in Chesterfield Inlet in 1951

Question 16

When did Inuit gain the right to vote

Answer 16

Officially the Inuit had a right to vote in 1950, but they were effectively unable to vote until 1962 when more communities received ballot boxes.

Question 17

What was the Seal Hunt?

Answer 17

Inuit communities’ staple food is seal, it is an important cultural tradition, provides meat/fuel/clothing. Harvests thousands of seals in one season and is considered humane and legal according to Canada’s policies

Question 18

What was the Seal Hunt Ban timeline?

Answer 18

1983: the European Economic Community banned the sale of seal products. The price for seal plummeted and thousands of Inuit hunters felt the impact.
2009: The European Union banned the import of all seal products
2015: The European Union amended the ban to recognize the importance of the seal hunt to Inuit people

Question 19

What is the US Census Bureau?

Answer 19

2020 US Census counted all people who currently resided in the United States through decennial census and American Community Survey.
Data is used to help governments disperse funds.

Question 20

Timeline of decennial (recurring every ten years) census in regards to Native people:
A) Prior to 1930
B) Prior to 1960
C) After 1960
D) Current

Answer 20

A) Native people were not inclusively counted until 1930 census, and still no separate schedules for Native peoples on reservation lands
B) Decennial census collected through enumerators who determined Census respondent’s race through assumption, which lead to frequent racial misclassification of Native persons
C) Decennial census transitioned to mail-in format where respondents could self-report, which led to a 46.5% increase in American Indian and Alaska Native peoples.
D) Still undercount of Native Americans living on reservation lands, results in revenue loss for these people

Question 21

What process does the U.S. federal government classify First Nations through?

Answer 21

Native identity is inherently political through formal enrolment. They issue certificate of degree of Indian/Native Blood to individuals who meet the enrolment criteria for federally recognized tribes. First Nations are the only group that the federal government continues to demand computed lineal ancestry to acknowledge formal belonging.

Question 22

What did Patrick Wolfe (1999) say about settler colonialism?

Answer 22

Settler colonialism should be seen as an ongoing structure, not an event

Question 23

What are the differences between classic and settler colonialism?

Answer 23

Classic colonialism: aims to take advantage of resources that will benefit their home region, seeks to exploit resources by using inhabitants as labour sources and consumers
Settler colonialism: seeks to acquire land and gain control of resources through eliminating occupants of the land (or assimilation, intermarriage, or culture-stripping), and gaining ownership of the land

Question 24

How did Lorenzo Veracini (2011) compared classic and settler colonialism?

Answer 24

Compared the difference between a circle and a line (where classic colonialism is a circle because they interact with the colonized before returning to original location)

Question 25

What are residential schools an example of?