Settlements

Question 1

What is a Greenbelt

Answer 1

areas of open land retained around a city, where development is restricted.

Question 2

describe and isolated dwelling

Answer 2

properties with no clear pattern and no connection to each other usually in extreme environments where resources are insufficient

Question 3

describe a Dispersed settlement

Answer 3

Farmhouses separated by large farm areas. No nucleation of properties.2-3 housing hamlets.

Question 4

describe a Nucleated settlement

Answer 4

Has economic, social and defensive purpose. Originally clustered for defences in war. usually around a central point an Area of resources (valley region, river confluence, coastal location)

Question 5

describe a linear settlement

Answer 5

Properties along roads, rivers and transport lines. People want close proximity to transport network.

Rivers historically used for cooking, cleaning, wate

Question 6

what are the contemporary issues in rural areas

Answer 6

• rural depopulation
• lack of service provision
• mechanisation of agriculture leading to loss of lively hoods
• rural transport
• second home concept leading to increase of prices
• low access to public amenities : education and health care

Question 7

causes of urban growth

Answer 7

Natural population growth

Rural-Urban push and pull factors

In LICs: better healthcare/education, plentiful food as it is imported, higher wages, employment protection, government investment policies.

Question 8

Urbanisation consequences (at least 5 )

Answer 8

Overcrowding: rapid population rise leaves houses overcrowded, children may be abandoned, and people forced to sleep rough.

Squatters: houses built on unused land (dirty, unsafe, polluted) as no housing available.

Lack of available work: labour influx exceeds demands, so people unemployed. Many unskilled labourers cause wages to decrease – enhances poverty. Factories employ women and children to do dirty and dangerous work.

Pollution: smoke and toxic liquids directly released. Raw sewage and rubbish dumped and flows into rivers.

Taxes: councils can’t raise taxes when many are in poverty/the informal sector, so public services and infrastructure begin to suffer.

Crime: generally, increases.

Improvement strategies: if money is available, build high-rise housing. Self-help schemes. Site/service schemes (where services and jobs are provided).

Question 9

what is counter urbanisation

Answer 9

the movement of people out of urban areas into rural ones

Question 10

what is suburbanisation

Answer 10

The outward growth of urban area to engulf surrounding rural areas

Question 11

what is re-urbanisation

Answer 11

movement of people and economic activity back into the CBD and inner/industrial areas

Question 12

causes of growth of world cities

Answer 12

TNCs: central HQ, where manufacturing is outsourced to LICs with cheaper labour.
Communications: phones and the internet allow one office to provide services all around the world – global brands can be easily managed from one place.
Demographics: high natural increase and ‘in-migration’ produces a large working population.

Question 13

changes in location of manufacturing services

Answer 13

industry used to be located in the inner city but as urbanisation took place it became harder for workers to reach the centre and the raw material were further away. so the factories moves out to rural areas as there was more space available to expand

Question 14

changes in location of retailing

Answer 14

Traditionally in the CBD. Progressive movements out from CBD, with the creation of retail parks, urban superstores, out-of-town shopping centres and home delivery/internet shopping.

Out-of-town shopping centres are open, easily accessible, create jobs, offer advantages to shoppers. However, they destroy green fields, create unskilled jobs, require a car to access, take trade from CBD and small businesses, impermeable surfaces and pollution

Question 15

changes in location of services (health education and leisure)

Answer 15

Health

Preference is for one large, central hospital, rather than several smaller ones throughout a location.
Land costs and building space.

Education

Primary schools dotted throughout local areas around a city, and fewer secondary schools with a more central location as they are larger. People travel further for secondary education.
Accessibility and size/cost of land.

Leisure/open space

Sports stadiums that used to be in inner city areas are being moved to edge of cities, due to shortage of space and congestion. Smaller parks/open spaces easily added to cities.
Congestion and space.

Question 16

changes in the CBD (at least 5)

Answer 16

more pedestrian zones
Indoor shopping centres
Environmental and safety improvements
Better access, as public transport and road networks improve.
increased development of high-rise buildings
replacement of traditional buildings
population changes of time , increase rate decreasing

Question 17

reason for CBD decline

Answer 17

Rise in car ownership leads to increased mobility. Leisure shopping and congestion become more common. CBD becomes less accessible.

Planning authorities may encourage/discourage out-of-town shopping, leading to changes in how people shop. Uncoordinated plans have a negative effect.

Land and investments are cheaper on green-field sites, so retail industry moves out of CBD. In addition, these sites have good access and nice environments.

Public perception that area is dirty and unsafe.

Urban sprawl blurs previous distinct boundaries, CBD’s location fades and becomes less important.

CBD development and maintenance cost is high.

Question 18

describe the concentric zone model

Answer 18

Assumes equal movement, uniform land and free competition for space, in all directions.
Development is outwards from the centre with continuing in-migration.
Business activity occurs in CBD as most people have access to that central point.
Zones of transition outwards, through industry and low-class housing­­­­. Migrants drawn to low prices.
Areas of better housing further out, as people can afford to move out of centre (occupied by middle-class with newer and larger houses).

Question 19

describe the sector model

Answer 19

Maintains that most people have access to CBD.
Industry follows transport routes.
High class residential develops around physical/social features, such as rivers. Opposite side of city to where pollution is blown by wind.
Low class housing forced in less attractive areas, close to factories, and in the path that pollution is blown.

Question 20

describe the multiple nuclei model

Answer 20

CBD present, but not necessarily in centre of model.
Low class housing found in cheap land areas (around industry). Higher class avoids industrial land, so locates on opposite side of the city.
Areas of development occur outside the main settlement around new nuclei – such as out-of-town shopping centres.

Question 21

what is the bid rent theory

Answer 21

Assumptions are the same as the Concentric model.
A city centre location is more expensive to buy/rent as it is most accessible, so only retail/offices will bid.
Moving outwards, industry bids the most, then housing.
Poor mobility and low-income groups reside in inner locations due to CBD access. High land prices are overcome as people live in high densities.
Affluent and mobile seek cheaper land for better housing. Space traded off for commute time.
At line intersection, both uses pay the same, otherwise the use line on top will bid more.

Question 22

causes of residential segregation

Answer 22

income: high income gives people a wide choice of places to live; people can choose the best house/location they can afford (car ownership allows long commutes). Leads to gated communities. Lower income households have choice limited by house prices and access to public transport.
Age: as someone ages, they need an increasingly large house. Young people buy flats, then as a small family grows, then number of bedrooms required increases. Once children move away, parents downsize to smaller properties.
Race/Ethnicity: clustering results in ‘ethnic villages’ or ‘ghettos’. Linked to income too, as migrants typically have low income, therefore must locate close to CBD.

Question 23

process of residential segregation

Answer 23

Housing market: housing supply should equal demand – but doesn’t. Therefore, housing in short supply causes high property prices, and low-income people are pushed to the urban periphery.
Influence of family/friends: people migrating into an urban area tend to cluster close to family or friends for comfort and support.

Culture: even if people earn enough to live in a certain area, they may choose not to if they don’t feel comfortable.

Planning: urban planners aim for a good social mix of people to avoid ghettos.

Finance: if access to mortgages is good, residential segregation won’t be severe.