Migration Flashcards
What is Migration
the movement of people to live or to work for a period of more than one year
What is a Migration stream
Migration stream: the common route that migrants take to get from a source to a destination.
push factors (at least 5)
Social intolerance/civil war Government corruption Natural disaster/climate conditions Poor employment and low income Bad education Bad healthcare. high crime rates housing & land shortages famine and lack of food
pull factors (at least 5)
Job prospects and high-income promise Higher living standard More entertainments Better education and healthcare Stable government, environment and socially. more social tolerance less crime availability of food
how potential migrants receive information about about possible destinations
through government agencies and advertising
through media and newspapers
by tourism and experiencing the place for yourself
from returning migrants
rumours
types of migration
Chain migration: after a few migrants leave, a chain reaction is set off, and many more follow.
Relay migration: at different stages in the family life cycle, different people migrate to improve financial situation.
Step migration: rural migrant progressively steps to bigger settlements. Rural town small town small city larger city
patterns of migration - age
younger adults are likely to migrate than older adults , children migrate with parents.
constraints, obstacles and barriers to migration
distance to the destination
civil unrest so maybe cant leave
the availability of sound information for migrants to make their decision
Closing up cost: the cost of leaving the source. Insignificant in LICs, but in HICs; possessions, houses, and emotional costs are factors.
Opening up cost: the cost of purchasing a house, legal fees, essentials to survive in the destination.
Journey: may pose its own risks/costs. For HICs, there is a large cost to travel and transport. For LICs, the journey may be long walk or perilous boat/lorry ride. High risk of scam, death or highway men.
Immigration laws: may encourage/discourage migration. Europe encouraged migration in 1950s to tackle labour shortage. Now UK is trying to control immigration.
Physical border: US/Mexico wall inhibits migration
causes of rural to urban migration
poverty, low wages, hard/menial jobs, unemployment, poor amenities and services. Farming mechanisation reduces the need for jobs. Low barriers to stop people trying.
impact of rural to urban migration - source
remittances returned, so more money to improve rural areas.
Separated families; young males move, leaving children to work and elderly uncared for. Deforestation.
decreased farming output
impact of rural to urban migration - destination
pressure put on housing, water supplies and services. People live in poor conditions. Informal economy created; no tax paid. More pollution and landfill sites. new skills brought
causes of urban to rural migration
pollution, crime, congestion, loneliness and racial tension.
Rural areas are cleaner, more affordable, more social, and service provision (particularly education & healthcare) is much better.
impacts of urban to rural migration - source
city enters a downwards spiral as only the rich can move out. City’s taxes reduced, so less money to tackle social and economic problems.
impacts of urban to rural migration - destination
more money brought into the area, but negatively affects rural poor as: shops shut, services and public transport cut (increased private car ownership), more congestion, decline in community life, house prices shoot up and old traditional buildings converted to modern houses.
describe the process of stepped migration
Initial movement is to a slightly bigger settlement; new skills, money and confidence developed.
Next move occurs to slightly larger settlement, and migrant becomes more aware of employment opportunities and personal contracts, so
Next move is from small urban area to large urban area using contracts/employment opportunities (eg. promotion). Skill development and money is a factor throughout the steps.
what is intra urban migration
Movement from one urban area to another
what is a refugee
Refugee: someone who is allowed to stay in the country fled to, after proving persecution risk and asylum claim being approved.
what is an asylum seeker
Asylum seeker: someone who has fled their country to the nearest safe one. Has a legal right to stay with protection (UK = 1yr), but not allowed to work. Must prove the risk of persecution and tell authorities.
what is an internally displaced person
Internally displaced person: someone forced to leave their home for the same reasons as an asylum seeker, but remains in the country.
positive impacts of international migration on source country
decreased un employment
remittances
migrants come back with enhanced skills
Reduces health/ education pressure
negative impacts of international migration on source country
Loss of young adult workers (brain drain)
Increased ageing population
Lower agricultural output as labour falls
Returning migrants may question traditions, causing division.
benefits of migration on destination areas
migrants fill jobs that are unattractive to the nationals
country gain people with new skills
decreased dependency ratio as more young working age people migrate into the country
culture and diversity increase
increased tax revenue
disadvantages of migration on destination areas
perceived loss of jobs to foreign labour
increased number of people on social benefits
strain on social services
intolerance due to cultural divide
out flow of currency
