Set 2 Flashcards
PSA (prostatic surface antigen)
Blood levels increase as the prostate gland enlarges
Hodgkins disease effect on male sterility
Decreases sperm count and motility before any therapy
Radiation therapy effect on male sterility
Often results in permanent sterility
Fine crackles
Short, high pitched sounds heard just before the end of inspiration
Wheezing
Continuous high pitched squeaking or musical sound. First evident on expiration
Pleural friction rub
creaking or grating sound heard during inspiration, expiration and no change with coughing
Febrile blood transfusion reaction
sudden fever, chills, headache, muscle pain and flushing
Allergic reaction to blood transfusion
Flushing, itching, uticaria (hives or rash)
Anaphylactic reaction
exaggerated allergic response that progresses to shock and cardiac arrest
Acute hemolytic reaction
Fever and chills but is hallmarked by presence of low back pain, tachycardia, tachypnea, vascular collapse, hemoglobinuria, dark urine, acute renal failure, shock, cardiac arrest, and even death
Normal QRS interval
0.04-0.12
Normal T wave interval
0.16
PR interval
0.12-0.2
QT interval
0.31-0.38
Best time for a self breast exam
5-7 days after mensus ceases
Preventing yeast infection in women
Avoid tight fitting clothing and avoid bubble baths and bath salts
Wear loose and absorbant clothing such as cotton underwear
Ptosis
Eyelid droop
Nystagmus
Rapid, rhythmic movements of both eyes
Astigmatism
Distortion of the eye lens resulting in distorted or blurred vision
Exopthalamus
Protrusion of the eyeballs in hyperthyroidism
Coarctation of the Aorta
Congenital defect
Narrowing of the aorta
Blood pressure readings are typically higher in the arms than the legs
Free radicals
Caused by enzyme release from lysosomes
Prolactin secretes from which hormone
Ant. Pit which is regulated by the hypothalamus
A1c levels
Normal: Below 5.7%
Prediabetes: 5.7-6.4%
Diabetes: >6.5%
Adenocarcinoma
The only lung cancer not related to smoking
Usually related to TB and COPD
Malignant melanoma
Skin cancer related to exposure to sunlight
Oat-cell carcinoma and Squamous cell carcinoma
Lung cancer caused by smoking
Normal platelet
250,000-400,000
SIADH
RETAIN fluid!
Symptoms: Loss of thirst, weight gain
Caused by: Cancer, small lung cancer the most common
Increased ADH levels causes SIADH.
EArly manifestation of shock
Hyperpnea (Deep breathing)
Intermittent claudication
Cramping, numbness, pain on exertion… usually in the calf muscles
Symptom of arterial insufficiency
Pulmonary artery catheter
Measures central pressures for monitoring fluid replacement
Decorticate posturing
Stiff with bent arms, clenched fist with legs held straight out
Caused by dysfunction in Cerebral cortex
Hemoglobin
Men 14-17
Women 12-15
Diverticulitis
Usually occurs in sigmoid colon. The inflammation of diverticula usually cause fever
Gram negative organisms
More resistent to ABX therapy
Therapeutic digoxin levels
0.8-2.0
Peak and trough levels
30 min before and 30 min after administration
Beta blockers
Decrease heart rate and contractility of the heart
Buerger’s Disease
Causes blood vessels to swell especially in the arms and legs. Can prevent blood flow and cause clots
Smoking is linked to the development of Buerger’s disease
Smoking cessation is the best way to control symptoms
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Causes hypokalemia
Trigeminal neuralgia
Characterized by sudden, stabbing, severe pain over lips and chin (Trigeminal nerve)
Bell’s Palsy
Characterized by facial weakness and paralysis
Leg amputation
Do not place amputated leg on pillow to prevent causing flexion contraction of the hip.
Place tourniquet in plain site by bed in case of bleeding
Encourage to lie in prone position to prevent flexion contraction of the hip
ECG and surgery
Pt over 40 should have a ECG within the past two weeks before undergoing surgery
Pt saying 99 with stethoscope on back findings
Normal: Muffled sound
Abnormal: Clear sound and indicates there is some sort of consolidation process such as pneumonia
Older adult lab findings
Increased protein in the urine and slightly increased glucose levels. Decreased specific gravity by age 80
Digitalis and Digitalis toxicity
Med used to treat CHF and heart rhythm problems
Elderly persons are susceptible to digitalis toxicity… manifests as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, fatigue
Chronic bronchitis characteristics
Productive cough with grayish white sputum
Emphysema characteristics
Clubbing of fingers and Increased chest diameter
Increased total lung capacity
Copious amounts of thick white sputum
Thrombophlebitis
Pain is relieved by rest and elevation of the extremity
Pain is aggravated by placing extremity in dependent position such as standing on leg
Pneumovax
This immunization is given once to persons over 65 and is good for their life
Exacerbations of MS symptoms
They usually occur because of increased fatigue and stress. Schedule extra rest periods
Oral contraceptives side effect
Thrombophlebitis indicated by calf pain. If experienced get medical help!
Hirschsprung disease in infants
Occurs when large intestine is born missing nerve cells.
Requires surgery to repair and often requires a colostomy
Manifestations:
- Distended abdomen
- Unable to pass stool for 24-48 hours
- Difficulty feeding and vomit green vile
- Fever
GTPAL - what does each mean?
Gravida - number of times pregnant regardless of outcome
Term - number of pregnancies delivered at 37 wks and beyond
Preterm - number of pregnancies delivered at 20 wks to 36 wks 6 days
Abortion - spontaneous or induced ending before 20 wks
Living - number of currently living children
Normal RBC’s
5.0-6.25
Delirium tremens
Rapid onset of confusion caused by alcohol withdrawal
Symptoms:
Confusion, agitation, fever, tachycardia, HTN, diaphoresis, hallucinations
Pinworm vs Hookworms vs ringworm
Pinworms: Lay eggs in the butt. Common symptoms are anal itching and trouble sleeping. Caused by swallowing or inhaling microscopic pinworm eggs
Hookworms: Infect the intestines and cause bleeding and anemia
Ringworm: Skin infection caused by a fungus. Leads to red scaly blistered rings on skin or scalp.
Mongolian spots
Benign discoloration of skin seen in newborns of ethnicities with darker skin tones. Usually blueish gray and fade over first 1-2 years of life
BNP (brain natriuretic peptide)
BNP increases when the pressure in the ventricles are increased… like with heart failure! BNP levels are used to determine if dyspnea is due to heart failure or a noncardiac cause
Antidepressnt administration
MAOI’s cannot be combined with SSRI’s
Increases risk of serotonin syndrome
Serotonin Syndrome
Agitation Diaphoresis Tachycardia HTN Diarrhea Hyperreflexia
Lithium toxicity
Very narrow therapeutic index
Lithium toxicity usually occurs with:
-Dehydration
-Low sodium
-Decreased renal function (elderly clients)
-Drug-Drug interactions with NSAIDS and thiazide diuretics
Phenytoin therapeutic range
10-20 mcg/mL
Phenytoin is prescribed for seizures
Isotonic fluid
Shifts fluid into the cells
Osteomalacia
Vitamin D deficiency
Characterized by weak, soft, painful bones that can easily fracture
Nursing cares:
- Prevent falls
- Encourage activity
- Increase Intake of phosphorus, calcium, Vit D and sunlight
Priority intervention for sickle cell anemia
IV fluid administration
