Session 9 ILO's Flashcards
Describe the ‘anatomical position’
The human body standing in an upright position, eyes facing forward, feet parallel and close together, arms at the sides of the body with the palms facing forward
Define the limits of body regions and major parts of the body
E.g head, neck, pelvis (COME BACK TO)
Define the terms , transverse, axial, coronal, sagittal’
These terms are relative, we must never use them in isolation! Always have to relate them to another structure
(COME BACK TO)
Define the term ‘Medial’
Medial refers to a location or position toward the midline
E.g. the ulna is on the medial side of the forearm, and the radius is lateral to the ulna
Define the term ‘Lateral’
Lateral refers to a location or position farther from the midline
E.g. the ulna is on the medial side of the forearm, and the radius is lateral to the ulna
Define the term ‘Anterior’
Anterior refers to the front of the body / a position closer to the front
E.g. the sternum is anterior on the chest wall, and the scapula is posterior
Define the term ‘Posterior’
Posterior refers to the back of the body / a position more toward the back
E.g. the sternum is anterior on the chest wall, and the scapula is posterior
What are synonyms for anterior and posterior?
- Ventral is a synonym of anterior
- Dorsal is a synonym of posterior
Define the term ‘Distal’
Distal means away from the trunk (Thorax, abdomen and pelvis/ Torso)
E.g. The elbow is proximal to the wrist but distal to the shoulder
Typically used in reference to the limbs, where the limb attaches to the trunk
Define the term ‘Proximal’
Proximal means toward the trunk (Thorax, abdomen and pelvis/ Torso)
E.g. The elbow is proximal to the wrist but distal to the shoulder
Typically used in reference to the limbs, where the limb attaches to the trunk
Define the term ‘Superior’
- Superior indicates a body part that is above another or refers to the upper surface of an organ or a structure
E.g. the body of the sternum is superior to the xiphoid process but inferior to the manubrium
Define the term ‘Inferior’
Inferior indicates that a body part is below another or refers to the lower surface of an organ or a structure
E.g. the body of the sternum is superior to the xiphoid process but inferior to the manubrium
What are the synonyms for superior and inferior?
- Cranial refers to a position or structure close to the head
- Caudal refers to a position or structure close to the feet
Compare and contrast to the terms ‘superficial’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘deep’
Depending on the relative depth of the structure
Superficial - Nearer to the surface
Intermediate - Between a superficial and deep structure
Deep - Farther from the surface
E.g. the scalp being described as superficial to the skull
Define the term ‘Ipsilateral’
Structures on the same side
(Help with defining left and right)
Define the term ‘contralateral’
Structures on opposite sides
(Help with defining left and right)
Define and recognise common anatomical terms, such as lateral and medial rotation, circumduction, supination and pronation’.
Define the specialised terms associated with movements in the hand and foot
Relate simple peripheral limb movements with anatomical plane movements
Give an introductory outline on the field of radiology, what are its uses and its limitations
Radiology is the science of medical imaging used to diagnose and sometimes also treat diseases within the body using ionising radiation.
What are the uses of radiology ?
- Oncological imaging to detect cancers and response to treatment of cancers
- Can help surgeons in planning surgery
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What are the limitations of radiology?
Define nuclear medicine and its uses and limitations
Provide an explanation of what contrast media are, what are available and their common uses in radiology
Explain the concept of interventional radiology and provide a suitable clinical example
- Interventional radiology (IR or sometimes VIR for vascular and interventional radiology) is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance.
Some of these procedures are done for purely diagnostic purposes (e.g., angiogram), while others are done for treatment purposes (e.g., angioplasty).
The basic concept behind interventional radiology is to diagnose or treat pathologies, with the most minimally invasive technique possible. These procedures are often performed with the patient fully awake, with little or no sedation required. Images are used for guidance, and the primary instruments
used during the procedure are needles and catheters (
be inserted in the body cavities or vessels). The images provide maps that allow the clinician to guide these instruments through the body to the areas containing disease. By minimising the physical trauma to the patient, peripheral interventions can reduce infection rates and recovery times, as well as hospital stays.
Define the term ‘ Flexion’
Decreasing the angle at a joint
Occurs within the saggital plane
Define the term ‘ Extension’
Increasing the angle at a joint
Occurs within the saggital plane
Define the term ABduction
ABduction takes structures away from the midline (if you are abducted you get ‘taken away’)
Define the term ADduction
ADduction brings structures back towards the midline, however it is possible to adduct beyond the midline
What is a contrast agent?
- A chemical agent administered to a patient, in order to image them
