Session 8 - Radiography of the Chest Flashcards
What is 1?
• Trachea
What is 2?
• Hila
What is 3?
Lungs
What is 4?
Diaphragm
What is 5?
Heart
What is 6?
Aortic knuckle
What is 7?
• Ribs
What is 8?
Scapulae
What is 9?
• Breasts
What is 10?
• Stomach
Where can the costophrenic recess be found?
• At the margin between the diaphragm and the ribs.
What does a lobar collapse look like?
• Displacement of the horizontal fissure is indicative of lobar collapse
What happens if there is volume loss in the right upper lobe (as a result of collapse, for instance)
• Horizontal fissure is displaced upwards
What happens if there is volume loss of the right lower lobe (collapse)
• The horizontal fissure is displaced downwards
What is consolidation?
• If alveoli and small airways fill with dense material, the lung is said to be consolidated • This may be due to infection (pneumonia, pus), fluid (pulmonary oedema), blood (haemorrhage) or cells (cancer)
What does a consolidated lung look like?
• If an area of the lung is consolidated it becomes dense and white If larger airways are spared, they are of relatively low density (blacker
What is an air bronchogram?
• When large airways are spared of consolidation, they become less dense • Characteristic sign of consolidation
What is this? Picture 2
Consolidation
What does this show?
Air bronchogram
What is a pleural effusion?
• A collection of fluid in the pleural space • Fluid gathers in lower part of chest, according to patient’s position
What will a pleural effusion obscure if patient sits upright?
• Costophrenic angle/Hemidiaphragm
What does this x ray show? Picture 4
Pleural effusion
What is a pneumothorax?
• May form when there is air trapped in the pleural space • This may occur spontaneously, or as a result of underlying lung disease
What is the most common cause of pneumothorax?
• Trauma, with laceration of the visceral pleura by fractured rib
What is a tension pneumothorax?
• If there is tracheal or mediastinal shift away from the pneumothorax, the pneumothorax is said to be under tension
What can displace the trachea?
• Anything that increases pressure or volume in the hemithorax will push the hemithorax and diaphragm away from that side. • Any disease that causes volume loss in one hemithorax will pull the trachea over towards that side
What does this show? Picture 5
Asbestos plaque
What is an asbestos plaque?
• Calcified asbestos related pleural plaques have a characteristic appearance and are generally considered to be benign
What causes lung hyperexpansion?
• COPD
What does lung hyperexpansion look like?
• Blunting of both costophrenic angles and flattened hemidiaphragms
What is pneumoperitoneum?
• Lungs are normal, but air is seen under the diaphragm. Sign of bowel perforation,
What is a simple pneumothorax?
• Pleural defect causes air to enter the potential pleural space and break the pressur potential, compromising lung inflation
How is a simple pneumothorax different from a tension?
• Tension involves the formation of one way valve at point of injury, perimitting air to enter but not to escape.
What is the cardiac index?
• The widest part of the heart and ribcage are measured laterally. • If heart is over 50% of the width of the thorax, it is enlarged
What is the ABC system of systematic x ray analysis?
Airway Breathing Circulation Everything else
What does a tension pneumothorax look like?
Mediastinu,m pushed to one side
