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Semester 3 - Respiratory > Session 2 - Bony thorax and Chest Wall > Flashcards

Session 2 - Bony thorax and Chest Wall Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bony thorax made up of?

A 
Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs
Intercostal spaces
Sternum
Costal Cartilages
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2
Q

How many ribs and thoracic vertebrae in the bony thorax?

A

12

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3
Q

What is the sternum made up of?

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphisternum
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4
Q

How are ribs 1-7 connected to the sternum?

A

• Via the costal cartilages

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5
Q

How are ribs 8-10 connected?

A

• Connected to the costal cartilages above

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6
Q

Why are ribs 11 & 12 known as “floating ribs”

A

• End free in the abdominal muscles

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7
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

• The junction of the manubrium and body

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8
Q

How can we identify the 2nd costal cartilage?

A

Articulates with the ribs at the level of the costal cartilage

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9
Q

Outline the features of a typical rib and the number of articular facets on each

A

• The head - has 2 articular facets, for articular with corresponding vertebrae and vertebra above
• Neck - Connects the head of the rib with the body
• The tubercle - has 1 articular facet, articulation with transverse process of corresponding thoracic vertebra
• The shaft - thin, flat and curved
Costal groove of the shaft, protects intercostal nerves and vessels

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10
Q

What is the joint of the head of the ribs called?

A

Costoverterbral joint

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11
Q

What are the articulations involved in the costoverterbral joint?

A

• The head of the rib articulates with the body of the corresponding verterbra and the verterbra above

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12
Q

Where do the movements of the costoverterbral joints occur?

A

Joint of the rib head

Costotranverse joint

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13
Q

What are the articulations of the costotransverse joint?

A

• The articular facet on the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra

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14
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there and describe their size

A

• 12 thoracic vertebrae
• Increase in size as you move inferiorly
Are medium sized.

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15
Q

Give some distinguishing features of thoracic vertebrae

A
  • Have facets on the side of the body (demi facets) for articulating with the head of the ribs.
  • Have facets on the transverse process (except T11 & T12). Are costal facets for articulations with tubercles of the rib
  • Have small and circular vertebral foramen
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16
Q

How many processes do the thoracic vertebra have for articular connections?

A

Seven

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17
Q

Where are bilateral costal facets located?

A

• Ön the vertebral bodies, usually occurring in inferior and superior pairs

Articulate with the heads of ribs

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18
Q

What are the costal facets?

A

• Found on the transverse processes for articulation with the tubercles of ribs

Not found on inferior two or three thoracic vertebra

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19
Q

What is the joint of the rib head?

A

• The head of the rib articulates with the corresponding vertebra an the vertebra above

20
Q

What is the costotransverse joint?

A

• The articular facet on the tubercle of the rib articulates with the tranverse process of the corresponding vertebra

21
Q

Give some identifying features of the first rib

A
  • First rib is shortest, broadest & most curved
  • The head has a single facet for articulation with T1
  • Two transversely directed grooves crossing its superior surface for subclavian vessels
22
Q

What are the transverse grooves of the first rib seperated by?

A

Scalene tubercle

23
Q

Give two distinct features of the second rib

A
  • Two articular facets for articulation with the bodies of T1 and T2
  • Rough area on its upper surface, the tuberosity for serratus anterior
24
Q

How are the 10th - 12th rib weird?

A

• Single articular facet for articulation with single vertebra

25
Q

How are the 11th and 12th ribs different from the rest?

A
  • Both floating
  • single facet on head
  • no tubercles
26
Q

What muscles lie in the intercostal spaces?

A

• 3 intercostal muscles
○ External
○ Internal
○ Innermost

27
Q

What is the neurovascular bundle?

A

• The neurovascular bundle runs in the costal groove at the lower border of the rib

28
Q

What are the nerve roots of the intercostal rami?

A

T1 - T12

29
Q

Where do the intercostal nerves run?

A

Internal & innermost intercostal muscles

30
Q

What do the intercostal nerves supply?

A

• Supply intercostal muscles, the parietal pleura , overlying skin

31
Q

Which way do the fibres of the external intercostal muscles run?

A

Downwards and anteriorly

32
Q

What is the function of the external intercostal muscles?

A
  • Inspiratory muscles
  • Its action elevates the ribs in a “bucket hand” type of movement to increase antero posterior and transverse diameters of the chest
  • Responsible for 30% of chest expansion during quiet respiration
33
Q

What is the function of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

• Muscle fibres run downwards & posteriorly from the rib above to the rib below, pulling the ribs down from their position of chest expansion

Used during forced expiration

34
Q

What is the function of the innermost intercostal muscles?

A

Similar to internal intercostal muscles but less well developed

35
Q

What is the main muscle of inspiration?

A

The diaphragm

36
Q

Give the three openings of the diaphragm

A

• Vena cava - T8
• Oesophagus - T10
Aorta - T12

37
Q

Name the arteries which give rise to the anterior intercostal artery

A

• Brachiocephalic/Aortic Arch à Subclavian à Internal Thoracic/Musculophrenic (later) à Anterior Intercostal

38
Q

Name the arteries which give rise to the posterior intercostal arteries

A

Brachiocephalic/Aortic Arch à Subclavian -> Costocervical trunk -> Superior intercostal -> Posterior intercostal

39
Q

How do anterior intercostal arteries drain?

A

Into internal thoracic -> Subclavian

40
Q

Where do the posterior arteries of the intercostal spaces drain?

A

• Into the azygous vein on the right and the hemizyagous vein on the left, and then into the inferior vena cava (some into internal thoracic vein)

41
Q

What lies in the intercostal groove of the ribs?

A

Intercostal vein, artery and nerve (VAN)

42
Q

Why is it clinically significant that the intercostal vein, artery and nerve run in the intercostal groove

A

• Important during pleural aspiration or insertion of a chest drain, when the needle should be inserted at the upper border of the rib to avoid injury

43
Q

What do intercostal arteries supply?

A

• Intercostal muscles, parietal pleura and overlying skin

44
Q

Where do the anterior intercostal arteries arise?

A

• The internal thoracic artery and its continuation (the musculophrenic artery)

45
Q

Where do the intercostal nerves arise from?

A

• Anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerve T1-T12

Semester 3 - Respiratory (18 decks)

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