Session 8 - Neoplasia 1 & 2 Flashcards
What is a neoplasm?
Abnormal growth of cells after initial stimulus is removed
What is dysplasia?
Abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue
What is tumor?
Any clinically detectable lump or swelling
What is cancer?
Any malignant neoplasm?
What is metastasis?
A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site
What is pleomorphism?
Increasing variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei
What is progression?
Steady accumulation of multiple mutations
What is differentiation?
Resemblance to parent tissue
What are 3 macroscopic differences between benign and malignant tumors?
Benign grows locally and is confined, malignant can spread
Benign has regular outer margin, malignant does not
Benign no necrosis, malignant can have
What is anaplastic?
Cells with no resemblance to any tissue
What are 6 microscopic differences between benign and malignant neoplasms?
- Benign well differentiated, malignant ranges
- Malignant increasing nuclear size
- Malignant increasing nuclear: cytoplasm ratio
- Malignant hyperchromasia
- Malignant more mitotic figures
- Malignant pleomorphism
What is the biological behavior difference between benign and malignant neoplasms?
Malignant can metastasize, benign cannot
What is the difference between in-situ and invasive malignancy?
No invasion through epithelial basement membrane vs penetrated through basement membrane
How are proto-oncogenes involved in neoplasm development?
Porto-oncogenes are altered genetically and become oncogenes, favoring neoplasm formation
How are tumor suppressor genes involved in neoplasm formation?
Tumor suppressor genes are inactivated and no longer suppress neoplasm formation
What is monoclonal?
Originated from a single founding cell,p
How to name benign tumors?
-oma
adenoma
How to name malignant tumors?
-carcinoma (for epithelia) or -sarcoma (for connective tissue)
What are the 3 steps of invasion and metastasis?
Grow and invade at primary site
Enter transport system and lodge at secondary site
Grow at secondary site and form tumor
What are 3 alterations required for invasion to occur?
Altered adhesions (reduced e-cadherin and integrins expression) Stromal proteolysis (altered expression of matrix metalloproteinases Altered motility (changes in actin skeleton)
What are 2 determinants of the site of a secondary tumor?
Regional drainage of blood, lymph or coelomic fluid
Seed and soil phenomenon
What are the 3 transportation routes for malignant cells?
Blood
Lymph
Coelomic fluid
What are 5 neoplasms that frequently spread to bone?
Breast, bronchus, kidney, thyroid, prostate
What is the difference between osteolytic and osteosclerotic lesions?
Destruct bone vs produce more disorganized and abnormal bone
What are 4 local effects of neoplasms?
- Direct invasion and destruction of normal tissue
- Ulceration and bleeding
- Compression of adjacent structures
- Blocking tubes and orifices
What are 8 systemic effects of a neoplasm?
Hormone production Cachexia Malaise DIC Pro thrombotic effects Anaemia Hypercalcaemia Immunosuppresion
