Session 10 - Neoplasia 4 Flashcards
What are 4 most common types of cancer in adults?
Bowel
Lung
Prostate
Breast
What are 3 most common cancer in children?
Leukaemia
Central nervous system tumor
Lymphoma
What are the 4 leading causes of cancer related death?
Lung, prostate, breast, bowel
What is tumor staging?
Measure of overall burden of malignant neoplasm
What are the 3 components of TNM staging system?
T=size
N= extent of regional lymph node involvement
M= metastatic spread via blood
What are the 4 stages of cancer?
Stage 1 - early local disease
Stage 2 - advanced local disease
Stage 3 - regional metastasis
Stage 4 - advanced disease with distant metastasis
What is tumor grade?
Degree of differentiation of a neoplasm
What are the 4 grades of tumors?
G1 - well differentiated
G2 - moderately differentiated
G3 - poorly differentiated
G4 - undifferentiated or anaplastic
What are 6 types of treatments for cancer?
Surgery Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Hormone therapy Treatments targeted to specific molecular alterations Immunotherapy
What is adjuvant treatment?
Treatment given after surgical removal of a primary tumor to eliminate subclinical disease
What is neoadjuvant treatment?
Treatment given prior to surgical excision to reduce size of primary tumor
What is radiation therapy?
Kills proliferating cells by causing direct or free radicals induced DNA damage, detected by cell cycle checkpoints, triggering apoptosis or interfering with mitosis, given in fractionated doses to minimize normal tissue damage
What are 4 forms of chemotherapy?
Antimetabolites
Alkylation drugs
Antibiotics
Plant derived drugs
What is immunotherapy?
Target immune system to help fight cancer by recognizing and attacking cancer cells
What are tumor markers?
Substances released by cancer cells into the circulation, can be measured for diagnosis, monitoring tumor burden and assess recurrence
What are cancer screening meant for?
Meant for healthy people with no symptoms to detect cancers as early as possible when chance of cure is highest
What are the 3 screening programmers available in the UK?
Breast
Cervical
Bowel
