Session 8: Metabolic Syndrome and Developmental Origins of Adult Disease Flashcards
Energy intake = expenditure
Body weight stable
Energy intake > expenditure
Energy stores (fat) will increase
Energy intake < expenditure
Energy stores deplete
Leptin resistance and obesity
-Promotes overeating and excessive weight gain (satiety signaling in hypothalamus is lost)
-Associated with insulin resistance
-Related to cardiovascular complications of obesity
Leptin
Hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used
What is a syndrome
A group or recognisable pattern of symptoms or abnormalities that indicate a particular trait or disease
Metabolic syndrome features
- Insulin resistance = diabetes
- Fasting plasma glucose (>7.8mmol/L)
- Dyslipidemia (TG >1.7mmol/L; HDL-Cholesterol <1.0mmol/L)
- Hypertension (>140/90mmHg)
- Abdominal obesity (BMI >30kg/m2; waist-hip ratio >0.85)
- Increased fat around waist
System-wide approach to obesity
- Promotion of healthy diet
- Redesigning the environment to promote exercise
- Cultural change to shift societal values around food/activity
What types of studies can be used to study complex diseases such as obesity and T2DM?
Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS)
Fetal programming
Fetal programming occurs during embryonic and fetal development, a critical period in which tissues and organs are created. Insufficient nutrition during this time results in permanent alterations to certain structural and physiological metabolic functions of the fetus
Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease (DOHaD)
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) theory hypothesized that environmental exposures during early life (particularly the in-utero period) can permanently influence health and vulnerability to disease in later life.
Importance on growth charts
- Growth = measure of health and wellbeing
- Body weight, length, height and head circumference
- Charts describe how big/heavy healthy children are expected to be
Determinants of birth weight
1) Environmental = nutrition/caloric intake, alcohol, tobacco, drugs, fetal hypoxia
2) Genetic = maternal pre-pregnancy weight, maternal birth weight, maternal weight gain between pregnancies
3) Health = intrauterine infections, anemia, gestational diabetes
4) Placental = impaired transport
Rapid postnatal growth is associated with risk of ___
Obesity
Breast fed babies are ___ and have ___ postnatal weight gain and energy intake than formula-fed babies
Breast fed babies are leaner and have reduced postnatal weight gain and energy intake than formula-fed babies
Epigenetics
The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Epigenetic modification
DNA methylation leading to histone modification
The Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis highlights the importance of…
Antenatal care in terms of adequate and appropriate nutrition
Socioeconomic issues with antenatal care in pregnant women
Women with greatest risk of poor nutrition during pregnancy are the least likely to present for antenatal care
