Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CVS A > Session 7 > Flashcards

Session 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Why might you get abnormal heart rhythms?

A

Abnormal impulse formation or abnormal condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where might rhythms in the heart arise from?

A

Sinus nodes, atrium, AV node or ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a supraventricular rhythm?

A

Rhythm arises above the ventricles - SAN,atrium and AVN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a ventricle rhythm?

A

Rhythm arises in the ventricles - ventricular muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens in a supraventricular rhythm?

A

Normal ventricular depolarisation therefore normal QRS complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does a ventricular rhythm arise from?

A

Focus/foci in the ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe what happens in a ventricular rhythm?

A

Depolarisation takes longer and you have a wide/bizarre QRS complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can you diagnose an arrhythmia?

A

Depending on the origin of impulse, P wave and QRS complex will vary accordingly and therefore give us a diagnosis of the arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What would an ECG look like if the atria began the heart rhythm?

A

The P wave does not have a perfect round shape - rest of ECG is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

If the rhythm starts in the AVN, what would the ECG look like?

A

Depolarisation takes place in the opposite direction to the normal therefore the P wave goes away from the apex and is inverted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What would an ECG look like if the ventricles were setting the rhythm?

A

Widened QRS complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When interpreting the rhythm which rhythm strip is the best to looks at for P waves?

A

Lead II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define sinus bradycardia

A

Sinus rhythm with a rate <60/minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define sinus tachycardia

A

Sinus rhythm with rate >100/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common arythmia?

A

Atrial fibrillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes atrial fibrillation?

A

Multiple atrial foci hence impulses are chaotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe an ECG of someone with atrial fibrillation?

A

No P waves, waxy baseline but normal QRS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe what happens with in atrial fibrillation

A

Impulses arrive at the AV node at a rapid irregular rate and only some are conducted to ventricles (at irregular intervals). Ventricles depolarise and contract normally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the pulse and heart rate in atrial fibrillation?

A

Irregularly irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What condition is involved if the ECG has an absent p wave, narrow QRS complexes that are irregularly irregular

A

Atrial fibrillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a heart block also known as?

A

Av conduction block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a heart block?

A

Delay/failure f conduction of impulses atrium to ventricles via AV node and bundle of His

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the causes of heart block?

A

Acute myocardial infarction or degenerative changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many different types of heart blocks are there?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the different types of heart blocks?

A

First degree, second degree and third degree

26
Q

What is a first degree heart block?

A

There is a split second delay in the time it takes electrical pulses to move through the AVN.

27
Q

What can be seen in an ECG when someone has a first degree heart block?

A

P wave is normal
Slow conduction in AVN and bundle of His
PR internal is prolonged >5 squares
QRS is normal

28
Q

What are the different types of second degree heart block?

A

Mobitz type 1 and Mobitz type 2

29
Q

What is a second degree heart block?

A

There is a series of increasing delays in the time it takes the AVN to send the pulse to the ventricles. This will eventually lead to a skipped heart beat

30
Q

What happens in a Mobitz type 1 heart block?

A

Progressive lengthening of the PR interval until the P wave is not conducted - this allows time for the AVN to recover so the cycle beings again

31
Q

What happens in a Mobitz type 2 heart block?

A

The PR interval is normal and there is a sudden non-conduction of a beat. Therefore dropped QRS

32
Q

Which is more dangerous and why - mobitz type 1 or mobitz type 2?

A

Mobitz type 2 because it is more likely to progress to a complete heart block

33
Q

What is a third degree heart block?

A

Atrial depolarisation is normal but there is no conduction to the ventricles

34
Q

What is another name for third degree heart block?

A

Complete heart block

35
Q

What does an ECG for a third degree heart block look like?

A

Very wide QRS complex. There is no relationship between the P wave and the QRS

36
Q

Describe the heart rate in a third degree heart block?

A

Heart rate is often too slow to maintain BP and perfusion

37
Q

What treatment is required for a patient with third degree heart block?

A

Urgent pacemaker insertion is required

38
Q

What happens in a ventricular ectopic beat?

A

Ectopic focus int he ventricular muscle therefore impulse is not spread via the fast His-Purkinje system. Much slower depolarisation of ventricle

39
Q

What does an ECG for a ventricular ectopic beat look like?

A

Wide QRS complex and different in shape

40
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia?

A

This is a type of regular and fast heart rate that arises from improper electrical activity in the ventricles of the heart

41
Q

Why is persistent ventricular tachycardia dangerous?

A

There is a high risk of ventricular fibrillation

42
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Abnormal, chaotic, fast ventricular depolarisation. Impulses from numerous ectopic sites in the ventricular muscle. No coordinated contraction

43
Q

What happens if a person with ventricular fibrillation is left untreated?

A

They die

44
Q

Which is worse, atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

45
Q

What does ventricular fibrillation lead to?

A

Cardiac arrest

46
Q

Describe some key features of ventricular fibrillation

A
  • Ventricular depolarisation is chaotic
  • No coordinated ventricular contraction
  • No cardiac output
  • No pulse or heart beat
47
Q

How does an ECG change when a patient has ischaemia and MI?

A

Changes are seen in leads facing affected areas therefore need to know which leads look where

48
Q

Which part of the heart is most vulnerable to ischaemia?

A

Sub-endocardial region

49
Q

When you get reduced myocardial perfusion due to coronary atherosclerosis, what happens next?

A

Major coronary arteries lie on epicardial surface. Sub-endocardial muscle is furthest away and most vulnerable.

50
Q

If sub-endocardial region is affected by ischaemia, how is this seen?

A

Leads facing affected area show ST segment depression and T wave inversion

51
Q

When might ischaemic ECG changes only be seen?

A

Might only be seen during exercise but if there are severe reduction of lumen, ischaemic changes seen at rest as well

52
Q

What does STEMI stand for?

A

ST segment elevation myocardial infarction

53
Q

What causes STEMI?

A

Due to complete occlusion of lumen by thrombus

54
Q

What happens when ischaemia spreads?

A

Muscle injury extends ‘full thickness’ from endocardium to epicardium

55
Q

What can be seen on an ECG in an acute STEMI?

A

Earliest change is ST elevation in the lead sing facing MI. Elevated ST merges with tall T waves

56
Q

What does an ECG look like hours before STEMI?

A

Q waves are not developed - indicating muscle necrosis. ST segment elevation still present

57
Q

What does the ECG look like of day1/2 of a STEMI?

A

Pathological Q waves present

58
Q

What does a pathological Q wave look like?

A

Wide and deep - normal Q wave is narrow and small

59
Q

What happens to the resting membrane potential in hyperkalaemia?

A

RMP is less negative - more depolarised

60
Q

What happens to the resting membrane potential in hypokalaemia?

A

RMP is more negative - hyperpolarised

CVS A (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions