Session 6 ILO's Flashcards
Understand and explain the basics of haemopoiesis
na
Name the main blood cell types
- Erythrocytes
- Thrombocytes
- Granulocytes:
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Monocytes:
- Macrophages
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes
- Natural killer cells
Describe the roles of the main blood cell types
- Erythrocytes
- Thrombocytes
- Granulocytes:
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Monocytes:
- Macrophages
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes
- Natural killer cells
FINISH OFF
Describe the role of the spleen
- Sequestration and phagocytosis (old/abnormal RBC removed by macrophages)
- Blood pooling (allows a rapid supply of red blood cells and platelets during bleeding)
- Extramedullary haemopoesis (if marrow fails or under stress, e.g. in myelofibrosis)
- Immunological function (25% of T cells and 15% of B cells are present in the spleen)
What is splenomegaly and why does it occur?
- An enlarged spleen:
- Portal hypertension (liver disease) (patients which have liver disease, its very difficult for blood to flow round liver. There is a connection in the portal system between liver and spleen, so the blood can’t come out of the spleen as easily, so spleen becomes engorged with blood as there is this back pressure due to portal hypertension)
- Over work (red/white pulp) (e.g. patients with sickle cell disease) -
- Extramedullary haemopoesis causes spleen to be full of developing blood cells
- Infiltrated by cells (like cancer cells or other cancer metastases)
- Iinfiltrated by other material such as in sarcoidosis, granulomas are present in the spleen, which enlarges it
Diseases that cause mild splenomegaly
- Infectious hepatitis
- Endocarditis
- Sarcoidosis/infiltrative disorders
- Autoimmune diseases
Could also be due to all the causes of massive and moderate splenomegaly, but just in an earlier stage)
- Chronic myeloid leukaemia
- Myelofibrosis
- Malaria
- Schistosomiasis
- Lymphoma
- Leukaemias
- Myeloproliferative disorders
- Liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension
- Infections (eg Glandular fever)
Diseases that cause moderate splenomegaly
- Lymphoma
- Leukaemias
- Myeloproliferative disorders
- Liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension
- Infections (eg Glandular fever)
Could also be due to all the causes of massive splenomegaly, but just in an earlier stage)
- Chronic myeloid leukaemia
- Myelofibrosis
- Malaria
- Schistosomiasis
Diseases that cause massive splenomegaly
- Chronic myeloid leukaemia
- Myelofibrosis
- Malaria
- Schistosomiasis
Describe the clinical significance of splenomegaly/effects on patients
na
What is hyposplenism?
- Lack of functioning splenic tissue
Why does hyposplenism occur?
Splenectomy (may be required due to splenic rupture from trauma or beasue of cancer)
Sickle cell disease (in older children and adults due to multiple infarcts/fibrosis)
GI disease (coeliac, crohns, ulcerative collitis)
Autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis , Hashimoto’s disease)
Describe the clinical significance of hyposplenism/effects on patients
na
Explain the concepts of a normal reference range
na
Why may laboratory blood count results be abnormal?
na
How do you assess whether a laboratory blood test is likely to be normal or abnormal (you need to be able to do this)?
na
