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MEH My own decs > Nutrition, Diet and bodyweight > Flashcards

Nutrition, Diet and bodyweight Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Chemical processes that occur to maintain life

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2
Q

Catabolic vs anabolic

A

Catabolic:

  • Break down larger molecules into smaller ones (intermediary metabolites)
  • Release large amounts of free energy
  • Oxidative (release H atoms) - ‘reducing power’

Anabolic:

  • Build larger molecules from smaller ones (from intermediary metabolites)
  • Use energy released from
    catabolism (ATP)
  • Reductive (use H released in catabolism)
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3
Q

What is energy?
Name the types of work
What energy do cells use to drive energy-requiring activities?

A

Capacity to do work

Biosynthetic, Mechanical, Transport (movement of ions & nutrients across membranes), Electrical and Osmotic

Cells use Chemical bond energy to drive energy-requiring activities

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4
Q

ATP and ADP cycle

A

ATP + water –> ADP +Pi + Energy
ADP + Pi + Energy –> ATP + water

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5
Q

Units for food energy

A

Kilojoule
1kcal = 4.2KJ

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6
Q

Consumption of food per year?

A

500kg

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7
Q

Carbohydrates

A

• General formula (CH2O)n
• Contain aldehyde (-C=OH) or keto (-C=O) group
• Multiple –OH groups

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8
Q

9 essential amino acids

A

(If learned, this huge list may prove truly valuable)
Isoleucine
Leucine
Tryptophan
Histidine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Valine

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9
Q

Describe what is meant by conditionally essential.

A

In normal circumstances, these amino acids are produced by the body in amounts sufficient enough to meet the body’s requirements, but for growing children, during pregnancy, in disorders like CVD and physiological stress, biosynthesis may be inadequate, so these amino acids will need to be taken through the diet.

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10
Q

Conditionally essential amino acids in children/pregnant women

A

Arginine
Tyrosine
Cysteine

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11
Q

Plant origin proteins vs animal/meat origin proteins

A

Plant origin proteins lower quality - deficient in 1 or more essential amino acid

Animal/Meat Origin proteins contain all essential amino acids so are higher quality

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12
Q

Fat functions

A

absorb fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)
Lots of hydrogen (less oxygen) so high energy

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13
Q

Mineral function

A

establish ion gradients - maintain water balance
calcium + phosphorus for structure
calcium for signalling
ENZYME CO FACTORS
Iron for haemoglobin

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14
Q

Electrolytes

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
(Iv fluids = 1mmol/kg/day)
water = 30ml/kg/day

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15
Q

Minerals

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Iron

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16
Q

Trace minerals

A

Copper
Zinc
Iodine
Selenium

17
Q

Ultratrace

A

Chromium
Manganese
Molybdenum

18
Q

Fat soluble vitamins and deficiency problems

A

A - Xerophthalmia
D - Rickets
E - Neurological abnormalities
K - Defective blood clots (factor 7, 9, protein C, and protein S)

19
Q

Water soluble vitamins and deficiency

A

B1 - Beriberi
B12 - Anaemia
B6 - Dermatitis/Anaemia
Biotin - Alopoecia, scaly skin, CNS defects
C - Scurvy
Choline - Liver damage
Folate - Neural tube defects/Anaemia
Niacin - Pellagra (skin lesions)
Pantothenic acid - Fatigue
Riboflavin - Ariboflavinosis

20
Q

Dietary fibre sources

A

Cereal foods / fruit and veg
(cellulose, lignin, pectin, gums)

21
Q

Why is cellulose fibre?

A

Contains B 1-4 linkages, humans cannot digest as do not possess the enzymes

22
Q

High fibre diet does…

A

Reduces risk of diabetes and lowers cholesterol

23
Q

Low fibre risks

A

Constipation
Bowel cancer

24
Q

EAR
LRNI and RNI

A

EAR - estimated average requirement (requirements for 50% of group, 50% will need more)
RNI - reference nutrient intake (ensures 97.5% needs met)
LRNI - lower RNI (enough for only 2.5% of people who have low requirements)

25
Q

Daily expenditure =

A

Basal metabolic rate
Voluntary physical activity
Diet induced Thermogenesis (energy to process food)

26
Q

Male vs female DE

A

males - 12,000KJ per day
females - 9500 KJ per day

27
Q

Factors affecting BMR

A

Body size (SA)
Gender
Environmental temp
Endocrine status
Body temp

28
Q

How is body weight determined

A

Energy intake vs energy expenditure

29
Q

BMI

A

weight (kg) / (height(m) squared)

30
Q

BMI values

A

<18.5 - underweight
18.5 - 24.9 - ideal weight
25 - 29.9 - overweight
30 - 34.9 - obese
>35 - severely obese

31
Q

What else is important with bmi?

A

Waist to hip ratio
Distribution of fat - upper body and abdomen = higher risk

32
Q

Low protein diet cause

A

Kwashiokor
(insufficient blood proteins synthesised, lower capillary oncotic pressure, water moves to interstitium = oedema)

MEH My own decs (13 decks)

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