Session 5 - Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Flashcards
Complete the following of a very simple schematic representing how people make sense of a situation.
Event/situation -> X -> Emotion
What is X?
X = Thought.
Altogether, a basic model of thought looks like this:
Event -> Thought -> Emotion
Without an image, describe what the Cognitive Model (The hot cross bun model) looks like.
The environment point towards a ‘bubble’ containing the following: Physiology (somatic), Thoughts (NATs - negative automatic thoughts), Emotions and Behaviours. These four areas all link with one another, and therefore, all are occurring at the same time in reality.
In terms of the hot cross bun model, what areas of the model, does CBT try and access and change?
Ideally changing someones ‘Core beliefs’ about themselves gets the best results.
Literally break the word down: Cognitive - thought element
Behavioural - behaviour element.
Someone with depression, or other mood disorders, can experience what is termed the ‘Negative cognitive triad’. Can you identify the three areas of this, and an example of each one?
- Negative view of self (inadequate, unworthy, lacking abilities/qualities required)
- Negative view of the world around (unfulfilling, unsupportive, punishing and obstructive)
- Negative view of the future (bleak, unfulfilling, empty, painful, hopeless)
It is said that humans have 5 Core beliefs (schemata). What are these?
How would a depressed individual think about these for themselves?
Love - I'm unlovable Ability - I'm incompetent Moral qualities - I'm evil Normality - I'm a freak General worth - I'm worthless
If core beliefs (schema) e.g. I am…X, then,
what are conditioned schemata?
Conditioned schemata; e.g. I should….or else
idea of a core belief + Basic assumptions (e.g. if i do this, then this will happen)
Using an example, explain how a critical incident effects Beck’s model of Cognitive (Hot cross bun) model?
Whatever you can think of! E.g. someone breaks up with a longstanding boyfriend (critical incident). This activates assumptions of the individual that she may be worthless and ‘not good enough’ for anyone.
1.NATs (negative automatic thoughts) - thinking they are a failure, hopelessness
2. Emotional/affective - may feel anxiety or depression
3. Behavioural - rumination (thinking things over again and again in head) social withdrawal, stop leisurely activities.
4. Physical/somatic - decreased sleep, tiredness, headaches, weight gain/loss.
Remember all these things link together in the model!
Apply the Hot Cross Model to someone with depression, referring to every part of the model.
Some critical incident has made someone depressed.
NATs - self defeating thoughts
Emotions: self defeating emotions
Behaviour - Self defeating actions
Physiological - Lack of energy, weight loss, psychomotor retardation
Activity scheduling, as the name suggests, helps promote structure and purpose into someones day. Patients have a table of the times of the day and they must write what sort of information in the boxes?
Pleasure rating (0-10) Mastery (sense of achievement) (0-10). What the clinician is looking for are variations or patterns in someones ratings, so they can address where and when issues arise.
A technique used in CBT is ‘thought challenging’. This is to allow patients to take a step back and address and critically reason/identify the actions they are doing. Can you list 4 of the 12 thinking errors (cognitive distortions) someone with a mood disorder may have.
(note: a lot of these overlap)
All or nothing thinking.
Catastrophising
Discounting the positive
Emotional Reasoning
Labelling
Magnification or minimisation
Mental filter
Mind Reading
Overgeneralisation
Personalisation
Imperatives ('should', 'must')
Tunnel Vision.Explain the following thinking errors: All or nothing thinking, catastrophising and discounting the positive are.
All or nothing thinking - (also known as black and white, polarised or dichotomous thinking): you view a situation in only two categories, instead of a continuum. ‘Failure or success’
Catastrophising (also known as fortune telling): you predict the future negatively, without considering other, more likely outcomes.
Discounting the positives: you unreasonably tell yourself that positive experiences, deeds or qualities do not count (but all a matter of luck)
Explain the following thinking errors: emotional reasoning, labelling and magnification/minimisation.
Emotional reasoning - you think something must be true because you ‘feel’ (actually meaning ‘believe’) so strongly, ignoring or discounting evidence to the contrary (I’ve passed, but still not happy).
Labelling: you put a fixed, global label on yourself or others without considering that the evidence might more reasonably lead to a less disastrous conclusion.
Magnification/minimisation: when you evaluate yourself (or someone else, or a situation) you unreasonably magnify the negative and or/minimise the positive.
Explain the following thinking errors: Mental filter, mind reading and overgeneralisation.
Mental filter: (also called selective abstraction) you pay undue attention to one negative detail instead of seeing a whole picture.
Mind reading: you believe you know what others are thinking, failing to consider other, more likely possibilities.
Overgeneralisation: you make a sweeping negative conclusion that goes beyond the current situation.
Explain the following thinking errors: Personalisation, ‘should and must’ statements, and tunnel vision.
Personalisation: you believe others are behaving negatively because of YOU, without considering more plausible explanations of their behaviour.
‘Should and must’ statements: (also called imperatives) you have a precise fixed idea of how you or others should behave and you overestimate how bad it is that these expectations are not met.
Tunnel vision: you only see the negative aspects of a situation.
What thinking error(s) is used?
I am a loser.
Labelling
