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CVS Lecture Reviews > Session 5 > Flashcards

Session 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What neurotransmitter are in the sympathetic system?

A

Noradrenaline

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2
Q

What neurotransmitters are in the parasympatheric system?

A

ACh

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3
Q

Receptors in the Sympatheic system

A

Mainly Beta1 on the heart

Alpha 1 on vessels (some have B2 as well)

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4
Q

Receptors on Parasympathetic system

A

M2 recpetors on heart (muscarinic)

Not really impact on vessels

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5
Q

How does Sympathetic affect the heart?

A

Inervates both nodes & cardio myocytes
Mainly B1 adrenoreceptos
Increases heart rate and force of contraction
Increases the slop of pacemaker potential (Gs coupled protein receptors increase cAMP)
Incraeses contraction force by activating PKA (incraeses Ca2+ entry during plateau, increases sarcoplasmic uptake Ca2+)

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6
Q

How does the parasymathetic affect the heart?

A

Synapse with SA and AV nodes
On Muscarinic 2 receptors
Decraeses heart hate (decreases steepness of funny current slope, GI coupled receptors, incraese K+ conductance and decrease cAMP)
Decraeses AV node condcutance

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7
Q

How is vascualar muscle tone controlled?

A

Noradereanline on Beta2 adrenoreceptors (vasodilation) (incraeses cAMP therefore PKA, which opens VGPC, Inhibits MLCK, relaxation)

Normal tone is slighly contractions so allows for dilation

Alpha1 adrenoreceptors (vasoconstriction) 
(Stimulates IP3 production, increases intracellualr Ca2+, contraction)
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8
Q

How do metabolites control vascular muscle tone?

A

Active tissue= more metabolites
Local increases have vasodilatory effects
More important for perfusion than B2 receptors

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9
Q

What are the stages of hypertension?

A

1- >140/90 mmHg
2- >160/100 mmHg
3- >180 systolic or >110 diastolic

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10
Q

How is BP controlled short term?

A

Baroreceptor reflex

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11
Q

What is the Baroreceptor reflex?

A

Stretch mediated receptors in the carotid sinus & aortic arch
BP changes stretches/ reduces pressure on them
Impulses along afferent pathway to medulla
Response along efferent pathway to heart and veins
(Alters hr and dilation of vessels to alter MAP)

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12
Q

Why are baroreceptors on short term?

A

They can reset to a higher threshold over time

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13
Q

How is BP controlled long term?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldersterone pathway
Sympatheic nervous system
Antiduretic hormone
Atrial Natriuretic peptide

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14
Q

How does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone pathway work?

A

Angiotensinogen-Angiotensin 1 (by Renin)
Angiotensin 1- Angiotensin 2 (by ACE)

Angiotensin 2 (vasoconstriction, stim Na+ reabsorbtion in Kidneys, stim Aldosterone)

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15
Q

What simulates Renin release?

A

Reduced Nacl in distal tubules
Reduced kidney perfusion
Sympathetic stimuation

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16
Q

What is alderstorones action on the kidney?

A

Simulates Na+ (so H20 reabsorbtion in collecting ducts)
Activates apical Na+ and K+ channels
Incraeses basolateral Na= extrusion via Na+/K+ ATPase

17
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system control long term BP?

A

Reduce renal blood flow (vasoconstriction, decrease GFR)
Activate apical Na/H exchanger
Stimulates Renin release

18
Q

How does ADH control BP?

A

Forms concentrated urine by retaining H20 (increses BP)
Stimulates Na+ reabsorbtion in ascending limb
Vasoconstriction

Stimulated by: plasma osmolarity
Severe hypovolaemia

19
Q

How does Natriuretic peptide control BP?

A

Promotes NA+ excreation (H20 loss) reduce BP
Vasodilatory effect
Inhibits Na+ reabsorbtion in nephron
If low circulating volume ANP inhibited

20
Q

How does hypertension damage tissues/ organs?

A

Arterial damage: atherosclerosis and weakended vessels

Increased afterload: left ventricular hypertrophy, increased myocardial oxygen damage

21
Q

What organs can hypertension effect?

A 
Brain- strokes
Heart- MI, heart attacks, heart failure 
Arteries- aneurysms 
Eyes- retinopathy 
Kidneys- renal failure, nephrosclerosis

CVS Lecture Reviews (9 decks)

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