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Semester 2 - CVS > Session 4 - The Autonomic Nervous System and the CVS > Flashcards

Session 4 - The Autonomic Nervous System and the CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Give two factors which are under the control of the autonomic nervous system

A

Heart rate

Blood pressure

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2
Q

What three physiological features does the autonomic nervous system control to have an effect?

A

Smooth muscle
Exocrine secretion
Rate and force of contraction in the heart

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3
Q

What are the two sections of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic and the autonomic

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4
Q

What are the two series of neurones in the ANS called?

A

Pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic

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5
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

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6
Q

What is a nuclei?

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

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7
Q

Describe the structure of the autonomic nervous system

A

Pre-ganglion with nerve cell body in CNS

Post-ganglion with nerve cell body in PNS

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8
Q

What is the outflow of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Thorcolumbar outflow

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9
Q

What are the spinal roots of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

T1 - L2

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10
Q

What is the structure of a sympathetic pathway?

A
  • Short pre-ganglionic, long post-ganglionic neurone
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11
Q

What are the three places a sympathetic outflow may synapse?

A
  • At the same level as origin
  • At different level to origin
  • May not synapse in paraverterbral chain
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12
Q

What neurotransmitter is used by pre-ganglionic neurones in sympathetic outflow?

A

Acetycholine for cholinergic receptors

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13
Q

What receptors do post ganglionic neurones express?

A

Nicotinic receptors

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14
Q

What type of neurotransmission do most sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones use?

A

Noradrenergic (secret noradrenalin

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15
Q

What classes of adrenoreceptors exist?

A

a 1 & a 2

b 1 & b2

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16
Q

What are the exceptions to the noradrenergic rule of sympathetic outflow?

A

Some sympathetic synapses, such as those in perspiration and ejaculation pathways are cholinergic

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17
Q

What type of outflow is used by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Cranio-sacral outflow

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18
Q

What is the structure of a parasympathetic pathway?

A

Long pre-ganglionic nerve fiber - short post-ganglionic nerve fibre

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19
Q

What type of neurones are parasympathetic pre-ganglionic?

A

Cholinergic

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20
Q

What receptors do post-ganglionic neurones express?

A

Nicotinic receptors

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21
Q

What type of neurones are post-ganglionic parasympathetic?

A

Cholinergic

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22
Q

What type of receptors do parasympathetic work on on cells?

A

Muscarinic, G-protein coupled

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23
Q 
For each organ, name the sympathetic receptor 
Heart
Airways
Pupil
Sweat Glands
A

Heart - B1
Airways - B2
Pupil - A1
Sweat Glands - A1 (M3)

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24
Q 
For each organ, name the sympathetic effect
Heart
Airways
Pupil
Sweat Glands
A

Heart - Increase rate/force of contraction
Airways - Relax
Pupil - Dilation
Sweat Glands - Localised secretion (a1), general secretion (m3)

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25
Q 
For each organ, name the parasympathetic receptor
Heart
Airways
Pupil
Sweat Glands
A

Heart - M2
Airways - M3
Pupil - M3
Sweat glands - None

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26
Q

How does adrenaline/noradrenaline interact with b - adrenoreceptors?

A

Activates G protein S
Stimulates Adenylyl Cyclase
Activates glycogenolysis, lipolysis

27
Q

How does Acetylcholine interact with M3 receptors?

A

Gq
Stimulates Phospholipase C
Causes smooth Muscle Contraction

28
Q

How does acetylcholine interact with M2 receptors?

A

Gi
Inhibits Adenylyl Cyclase
Stimulates K+ Channel, slowing of Cardiac Pacemaker

29
Q

How does light interact with rhodopsin?

A

Gt
Stimulates Cyclic GMP, Phosphodiesterase
Visual Excitation

30
Q

What happens when a1 receptors are stimulated by adrenaline?

A

Activates Gq
Stimulates Phospholipase C
Smooth Muscle Contraction

31
Q

What happens when a2 receptors are stimulated?

A

G protein I activated

- Adenylyl Cyclase

32
Q

What happens when M1 and M3 receptors are activated?

A

G protein Q activated

Activates phospholipase C

33
Q

What happens when M2 receptors are activated?

A

G protein I activated

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase, stimulating K+ channel and causing slowing of Cardiac Pacemaker

34
Q

What role does the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system play control of blood vessels?

A

Innversates the smooth muscle in the walls of arteries, aterioles and veins. Causes vasoconstriction of arterioles via a1 receptors

35
Q

What is the term for the constant control the sympathetic nervous system has over the vasculature?

A

Vasomotor tone

36
Q

What is meant by saying vasomotor tone in skin is high?

A

arterioles, pre-capillary sphincters and arterio-venous anastomoses are generally shut down. Variation in sympathetic outflow produces large changes in skin blood for, for thermoregulation.

37
Q

What is vasomotor tone in skeletal muscles?

A

high at rest, but in exercise is antagonised by vasodilator metabolites.

38
Q

What is vasomotor tone in gut?

A

vasomotor activity is high until a meal is consumed, when various vasodilators produced in the gut tissue antagonise it.

39
Q

What is the principal way in which distribution of flow around the body is controlled?

A

The interplay between sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone and the action of vasodilator substances

40
Q

What can vascular tone in the skin and skeletal muscle also be used for?

A

Controlling peripheral resistance

41
Q

Where is sympathetic outflow to blood vessels controlled from?

A

The brain, via vasomotorcentres in the medulla oblongata

42
Q

What structures does the autonomic nervous system effect in the heart? (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

A

SA and AV nodes both affect heart rate

43
Q

What does parasympathetic and sympathetic activity respectively?

A

Para - Slows heart

Symp - Speeds it up

44
Q

What is the mechanism of control to decide whether heart should be slowed down or sped up?

A

Baroreceptors in arch of aorta and carotid sinuses detect pressure and feedback to the medulla oblongata, the control centre of autonomic activity

45
Q

What is the hr if all autonomic inputs are pharmacologically blocked?

46
Q

How is a normal resting heart rate of 60 bpm produced?

A

parasympathetic dominates the sympathetic at rest.

47
Q

How are initial increases in heart rate determined?

A

Initial increases in heart rate are brought about by reduction in parasympathetic outflow. Increasing Sympathetic outflow makes further increases.

48
Q

As well as speeding up heart rate, what is the other role of sympathetic nerve fibres?

A

Innervate ventricular cardiac myocytes, increasing force of contraction and cardiac output

49
Q

What is the sympathetic pathway for control of the heart?

A

NA - B1 Receptors

50
Q

What is the parasympathetic pathway for control of the heart

A

Ach - M2 receptors

51
Q

If you gave someone an injection of adrenaline, what would happen?

A

There would be an increase in heart rate, stroke volume and therefore cardiac output
The arterioles to the skin would vasoconstrict (action of adrenaline on α1 receptors)
The airways would dilate (action of adrenaline on β2 receptors)

52
Q

List the probable physiological effects of giving an individual a drug which antagonises the action of noradrenaline at a-adrenoreceptors.

A

Arteriolar vasodilation, reduces blood pressure and may cause postural
hypotension
Initial increase in heart rate mediated by baroreceptor reflex
Relaxes GI and urinary sphincters

53
Q

List the physiological effects of a poison

which inactivates acetylcholinesterase (such as a nerve gas or insecticide).

A

Ef fects on autonomic transmission: increased sal ivary, lacrimal , bronchial and G.I .
secret ions, bronchoconstrict ion, reduced hear t rate and blood pressure, constr icted
pupils
Ef fects on neuromuscular junct ion: init ial ly muscular twitching then paralysis due to
NMJ blockade
Ef fects on the brain: init ial ly excitat ion causing convulsions, later depression of
cerebral funct ion, unconsciousness and respiratory failure

54
Q

Why would someone with inactivated acetylcholinesterase be paralysed?

A

The continued presence of ACh (the
neurotransmi tter at the neuromuscular junct ion) wil l prevent subsequent contract ion of
skeletal muscle due to depolar ising block via nicotinic ACh receptors

55
Q

Parasympathetic control of the heart is via the … nerve

Sympathetic control of the heart is via the … nerves

A

Vagus

Cardiac

56
Q

What is vasoconstrictor tone due to?

A

The action of noradrenaline on a - adreno receptors

57
Q

What is total peripheral resistance?

A

Blood pressure/ cardiac output

58
Q

What are the sympathetic receptors of the heart?

59
Q

What are the parasympathetic receptors of the heart?

60
Q

What are the sympathetic receptors of the blood vessels to noradrenaline?

61
Q

What are the receptors to adrenaline to the blood vessels within skeletal muscle? Whatdo they cause to happen?

A

B2

Dilation

62
Q

What are the sympathetic receptors of the liver and what do they stimulate?

A

a, b2

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

63
Q

What are the sympathetic receptors of the sweat glands? What do they cause to happen?

A

Ach, M

Secretion

64
Q

What are the other proper sympathetic receptors of the sweat glands?

A

a, respond to circulating adrenaline

Semester 2 - CVS (15 decks)

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