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Year 2 - LCRS - Anatomy of the Head, Neck and Spine > Session 4: Face and Oral Cavity > Flashcards

Session 4: Face and Oral Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main sensory nerve of the head?

A

Trigeminal nerve

it also has a motor component

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2
Q

What is a posable complication of a lollipop stick injury?

A
  • lollipop stick becomes stuck in the back of the pharynx
  • becomes infected
  • the infection can travel down to the thoracic cavity

-> Know the fascia, know how things can spread!!

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3
Q

When inspecting the oral cavity, why does a doctor ask you to say “aaa”?

A
  • to examine the functions of the vagus nerve
  • when saying “aaa” the uvula should rise in the midline
  • if it is deviating, this suggests that there could be something wrong with one of the vagus nerves.
  • deviates away from the lesion
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4
Q

What happens to the epiglottis during swallowing?

A
  • it retroflexed to cover the airway to prevent food from going down there.
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5
Q

Piriform Fossa

A
  • food e.g. fish bones can become stuck in this area

- might have to be removed with forceps

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6
Q

Constrictor muscles in the pharynx

A
  • superior, middle and inferior
  • supplied by vagus and some fibers of the accessory nerve
  • food is pushed down by a series of constrictor muscles - sequential contraction pushes food down
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7
Q

Sensory innervation of the pharynx

A
  • pharyngeal plexus (vagus and glossopharyngeal)
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8
Q

Process of swallowing

A
  • mastication
  • Lift and retract tongue (styloglossus, intrinsic muscles)
  • Bolus into oropharynx (palatoglossus)
  • Close off nasopharynx by raising soft palate
  • Raise the larynx, closed off by epiglottis
  • Peristaltic wave of constrictor muscles
  • Relax cricopharyngeus, open oesophagus
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9
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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10
Q

What is the parotid gland a landmark for?

A
  • the emergence of the facial nerve (VII)

- however, it is not innervated by that nerve but by CNIX (glossopharyngeal)

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11
Q

Parotid gland

A
  • serous saliva

- innervated by IX

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12
Q

Submandibular gland

A
  • serous saliva

- innervated by CNVII

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13
Q

Sublingual gland

A
  • mucous saliva

- innervated by CNVII

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14
Q

What are the muscles of the tongue?

A
  • styloglossus
  • hypoglossus
  • genioglossus
  • intrinsic muscles
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15
Q

Which nerve innervates the tongue?

A
  • XII (hypoglossal)
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16
Q

Afferent innervation of the tongue

A
  • anterior 2/3: trigeminal (normal sensation); Facial (VII) for taste -> these fibers go to the nucleus solitarius
  • posterior 1/3” glossopharyngeal; also some vagus innervation.
17
Q

What are the two superficial muscles of mastication?

A
  • Masseter

- Temporalis

18
Q

Masseter Muscle

A
  • zygomatic arch to lat surface of ramus and angle of mandible
  • elevates mandible (allows forced closure of mouth)
  • superficial muscle of mastication
19
Q

Temporalis Muscle

A
  • superficial muscle of mastication
  • temporal fossa to coronoid process of mandible
    elevates and retracts mandible
  • thin muscle, harder to palpate than masseter
20
Q

Buccinator muscle

A
  • parotid duct passes through it
  • innervated by the facial nerve
  • pushes food to the middle of the mouth
  • sucking in cheeks -> that is the action of buccinator pushing food to the middle
21
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles of mastication?

A
  • buccinator is innervated by the facial nerve

- all others are innervated by the trigeminal nerve

22
Q

Lateral pterigoid muscles

A
  • sphenoid /lat pterygoid plate to neck of mandible

- depresses and protracts mandible to open mouth

23
Q

Medial pterygoid muscles

A
  • lat pterygoid plate/ maxilla/palate to angle of mandible

- elevates, protracts and lateral movement of mandible for chewing

24
Q

What are the deep muscles of mastication?

A
  • lateral pterygoid
  • medial pterygoid
  • buccinator?
25
Q

What are the 2 actions of the temporomandibular joint?

A
  • hinge action: when you open your mouth slightly

- gliding movement when you open widely

26
Q

What do you do when someone dislocates their jaw? (anteriorly)

A
  • you have to push the mandible down and then move the jaw posteriorly
  • (down and back)
27
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

A
  • Superior thyroid
  • Ascending pharyngeal
  • Lingual
  • Facial
  • Occipital
  • Posterior auricular
  • Maxillary
  • Superficial temporal (forehead)

[some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students]

28
Q

What is special about the facial artery?

A
  • it forms a loop to allow movement as it goes around the mandible
  • branch of the ECA
29
Q

What is special about the maxillary artery?

A
  • MMA branches off of it

- enters the skull through the foramen spinosum

30
Q

What is the relationship between the parotid gland and the facial nerve?

A
  • purely anatomical

- parotid gland is innervated by CN9

31
Q

What are the different braches of the facial nerve?

A
  • mandibular
  • buccal
  • zygomatic
  • temporal (most superior)
  • cervical (innervates the platysma muscle)
32
Q

How does the facial nerve emerge from the cranial cavity?

A
  • passes through internal acoustic meatus along with the vestibulocochlear nerve
  • exits through the stylomastoid foramen
33
Q

How can you test the function of the facial nerve?

A
  • ask someone to look up and look for creasing of the forehead
    (this is only 1 example)
34
Q

What are the 3 branches of the mandibular nerve (V3)?

A
  • inferior alveolar nerve

- lingual nerve (sensation of the tongue)

35
Q

Inferior alveolar nerve

A
  • sensory nerve for lower dentation
  • passes through foramen ovale into the mandible
  • terminal branch: mental nerve (chin)
  • test function by testing sensation of the chin
36
Q

Lingual nerve

A
  • also receives fibres from the facial nerve (chorda tympani)
  • it is a branch of the madibular nerve (V3)
  • bidirectional information flow (PS innervation to submandibular ganglion -> salivary glands; also taste fibres in the chorda tympani)

=> multifunctional nerve with constituents from 2 different cranial nerves.

37
Q

How does the facial nerve branch to joint the lingual nerve?

A
  • facial nerve exits through the stylomastoid foramen
  • runs anteriorly through prethrotympanic fissure
  • joins the lingual nerve

Year 2 - LCRS - Anatomy of the Head, Neck and Spine (6 decks)

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