Session 4 Flashcards
# Define & appropriately use the descriptive anatomical terms: afferent, efferent, somatic and visceral/autonomic in relation to the organisation and parts of the peripheral nervous system LO (Sem 2 self study)
Q.1. In the spinal cord, the general rule is that dorsal components tend to be concerned with?, and ventral with?
2. How does this contrast with the CNS?
A. 1. afferent (sensory) functions
efferent (motor) functions
2. In the medulla it is as if the two dorsal (sensory) components have been dragged laterally so that sensory components are no longer dorsal but lateral, and motor components now not so much anterior as medial. Higher in the brain stem the pattern becomes less and less obvious, and it has all but disappeared in the diencephalon.
- Knowing the info above which part of the PNS are the autonomic nerves located?
- Define afferent
- Define efferent
- Define somatic
- Define visceral/autonomic
- Dorsal part of the spinal cord if motor / efferent
- Towards -> towards the spinal cord from a stimulus
- Away -> from the spinal cord to the effector
- Voluntary motor control
- In voluntary motor actions/ control
Understand the concept of sensory input from viscera and somatic structures to the CNS and motor output from the CNS to visceral and somatic structures by way of the peripheral nervous system LO
Understand the functional organisation of the nervous system into central and peripheral nervous systems LO
Q. What is the CNS and PNS composed of?
A. CNS: Cerebral hemispheres, brainstem & cerebellum & Spinal cord
PNS: Dorsal and ventral roots, Spinal nerves & Peripheral nerves
Define and appropriately use the descriptive anatomical terms: superior, inferior, ipsilateral, contralateral, proximal, distal, anterior, posterior, deep, superficial, medial, lateral, dorsal, ventral, rostral and caudal LO
Q. Label the diagrams stating which surfaces are the dorsal and ventral surfaces and why
Because the human brain ‘flexes’ at around the level of the midbrain, the superior part of the hemisphere is actually dorsal. The inferior Brian is actually ventral.
- At what location does the axis change?
- What is the meaning of rostral?
- In the medulla, pons and midbrain the ventral aspect of the neural tube is anterior, and the dorsal aspect is posterior, much as in the spinal cord. Above the midbrain, the axis bends forwards so that in the diencephalon, the ventral aspect is inferior and the dorsal surface superior.
- situated or occurring near the front end of the body (particularly nose region)
Q. What makes up the brainstem and what are their functions?
A. Midbrain (mesencephalon)
• Eye movements and reflex responses to sound and vision (medullary pyramids)
Pons
• Feeding
• Sleep
Medulla
• Cardiovascular and respiratory centres
• Contains a major motor pathway
Q. What does decussation mean?
A. Fibres cross from one hemisphere to the other side of the hemisphere
Q. Define Sulci, gyri and fissures
A. Sulcus: a ‘groove or furrow’ in the brain separating adjacent gyri
Gyrus: A ‘ridge or fold’ in the brain
Fissure: A large ‘crack’ or ‘split’ between adjacent large areas of the brain
Q. Label the frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes and cerebellum (lateral aspects of cerebral hemisphere)
Image drawn wrong as lateral sulcus divides both the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below.
The principal external features of the cortex and the primary functional sites for motor, sensory, language, hearing, olfaction and vision. LO
Q. State the function of each of the lobes
A. Frontal lobe: Higher cognition, motor function, speech
Parietal lobe: Sensation, spatial awareness
Temporal lobe: Memory, smell, hearing, olfaction
Occipital lobe: Vision
Cerebellum: Co-ordination and motor learning
Q. State where the Visual, auditory, olfactory centres are located
A. • The visual cortex is in the occipital lobe (posterior)
• The auditory cortex is on the superior surface of the temporal lobe.
• The olfactory cortex is on the under surface of the temporal lobe, principally the uncus.
On the diagram label the central sulcus and the lateral sulcus and state what lobes they separate
Lateral sulcus: Frontal lobe & parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below
Central sulcus: parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex
What fissure is this image highlighting?
Median sagittal fissure
Q. Label the optic chiasm, uncus & medullary pyramids on the diagram
On the diagram showing the medial surface label the white and grey matter, corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalamus.
CNS versus PNS
- What CN does the hindbrain contain?
- What CN does the Midbrain contain? It has centres for what reflexes?
- Forebrain this gives rise to the?
- Diencephalic derivatives are concerned with
- V–XII (facial sensation, and movements of the upper end of the gut tube for ingestion & phonation)
- III and IV and the centres for eye reflexes (e.g. pupillary light reflex) and auditory reflexes.
A. Diencephalon (thalamic structures), and the right and left telencephalic derivatives – the cerebral hemispheres (frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes)
- motor and sensory coordination, regulation and control, and include the optic vesicles, which give rise to the optic nerves and retinas.
Q. It is the caudal part of the forebrain (prosencephalon) that occupies the central region of the brain. The diencephalon is comprised of the:
A.
- Epithalamus (pineal gland)
- Thalamus
- Subthalamus
- Metathalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Hypophysis cerebri
- Posterior pituitary (my input)
