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Gastrointestinal > Session 3 - Setting the scene - anatomy > Flashcards

Session 3 - Setting the scene - anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 layers of the intestines?

A

(inner to outer)

  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • External muscle layers
  • Serosa
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2
Q

What are the layers of the mucosa?

A
  • Epithelial layer
  • Lamina propria
  • Muscularis mucosae
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3
Q

What is the function of the epithelium?

A
  • Selectiveley permeable barrier
  • Absorption + transport
  • Produce hormones
  • Produce mucus
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4
Q

What is the function of lamina propria?

A

Contains lots of lymphoid nodules / macrophages.

- Produces antibodies (mainly IgA) to protect against pathogens.

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5
Q

What is the function of the muscularis mucosae?

A

Layers of smooth muscle, different directions.

Keeps epithelium in contact with gut contents, and crypt contents dynamic.

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6
Q

What are the layers and functions of the submucosa?

A

Dense connective tissue, blood vessels, glands, lymphoid tissue.
Contains meissner’s plexus.

  • Inner circular muscle
    (myenteric (Auerbach’s) plecus)
  • Outer longitudinal muscle
  • Serosa (blood + lymph + adipose, continuous with mesenteries)
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7
Q

Generally what is the epithelia of the gut, from mouth to anus?

A
  • Stratified squamous in MOUTH and ANUS

- Everywhere esle is SIMPLE COLUMNAR

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8
Q

What is an enterocyte? Name a main feature.

A

Simple columnar epithelial cell, which absorbs.

Has microvilli.

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9
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Cells which secrete mucus in the GI (increase from duodenum to colon).

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10
Q

Why is mucus important in the tract?

A
  • Prevents friction (lubricate)
  • Protects from chemicals (acid)
  • Barrier against bacteria
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11
Q

Which cells protect the stomach from the highly acid environment?

A

Gastric surface mucosa cells (foveolar cells)

Secrete mucus + HCO3, to protect stomach

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12
Q

Which factors give the intestines a large surface area?

A

Folds
Villi
Microvilli

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13
Q

How does the stomach allow for expansion?

A

Rugae - temporary folds, can expand

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14
Q

Where are krypts of lieberkuhn found, what do they do?

A 
Small and Large intestine.
Specialised cells:
- Stem cells
- Paneth cells (protect - antibacterial proteins)
- Enteroendocrine cells
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15
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

Secrete gut controlling hormones:

  • Gastrin
  • Cholecystokinin
  • Secretin
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16
Q

Which cells protect the duodenum from acidic stomach chyme?

A

Brunner’s cells

- Secrete alkaline fluid containing mucin.

17
Q

What is the difference between acini and tubules in secretion?

A

Acini tend to secrete serous (+enzymes) secretions.

Tubules tend to secrete mucus. (e.g. brunner’s)

18
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

A lesion that erodes through the muscularis mucosae.

19
Q

What are the outer layers of the abdominal wall?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Fascia/ fat (superficial/deep)
  3. 3x muscle layers
  4. Transversalis fasica
  5. Peritoneum
20
Q

What are the three anterolateral muscles in the abdominal wall?

A
  • External oblique
  • Internal oblique
  • Rectus abdominis
    (the lateral muscles have aponeurosis that envelops the midline rectus abdominus muscles) (abs)
21
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A

The lower limit of the posterior layer of rectus sheath.
Point at which inferior epigastric vessels pierce the rectus abdominus.
(1/2 way between umbilicus and pubic crest)

22
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

A double fold of peritoneum, that attaches certain abdominal viscera to the posterior abdominal wall.

23
Q

What is contained in mesenteries?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymph vessels
  • Nerves
  • Fat
24
Q

What is a peritoneal ligament?

A

A double fold of peritoneum that connects two viscera together.
OR
a viscera to the abdominal wall.

25
Q

What is the gastrocolic ligament?

A

Ligament connecting the stomach to transverse colon.

26
Q

What is the gastrosplenic ligament?

A

Ligament connecting stomach to spleen.

27
Q

Which ligament connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

The Falciform ligament.

28
Q

What do he triangular ligaments do?

A

Connect the liver to the diaphragm.

29
Q

What are omenta?

A

Double folds of peritoneum.

30
Q

Where are the greater and lesser omenta?

A

Greater: hangs down off the greater curve of the stomach.

Lesser: Connects lesser curve of stomach to the liver!

31
Q

Where does the gut get its blood supply from? Name some main vessels?

A

Abdominal Aorta.

  • Coeliac trunk
  • Superior mesenteric artery
  • Inferior mesenteric artery
32
Q

Where does GI venous blood drain?

A

Portal vein

Gastrointestinal (9 decks)

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