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Sports injury anatomy > session 3: neck/abdo/face/back > Flashcards

session 3: neck/abdo/face/back Flashcards

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1
Q

how many vertebrae are there in total?

A

24

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2
Q

how many cervical vertebra are there?

A

7

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3
Q

how many thoracic vertebra are there?

A

12

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4
Q

how many lumbar vertebra are there?

A

5

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5
Q

how many vertebra does the sacrum consist of?

A

5, fused

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6
Q

how many vertebra does the coccyx consist of?

A

3/4 small segments, fused

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7
Q

what does C1 articulate with?

A

skull and C2

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8
Q

what do the thoracic vertebra articulate with?

A

ribs

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9
Q

what does the sacrum articulate with to form?

A

hip bones

pelvis

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10
Q

in which direction does the spine curve?

A

lower cervical forward
throacic back
lumbar forward
sacrum sharply backward

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11
Q

what does the neural arch of the vertebra enclose?

A

the spinal cord

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12
Q

what forms the vertebral canal and what is it for?

A

series of vertebral foramen

spinal cord

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13
Q

where do the spinal nerves emerge from the vertebrae?

A

intervertebral foramen

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14
Q

what are the projections from the neural arch/

A

spinous in midline

transverse processes either side

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15
Q

how many articular processes are there from the neural arch and what is their role?

A

4, 2 above and 2 below. interlock with adjacent vertebrae forming a synovial joint

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16
Q

what are the features of the cervical vertebrae/

A 
small body
upper and lower surface of the body is saddle curved
large triangular vertebral foramen
neural arch mainly laminae
short pedicles
spinous process short and double point
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17
Q

which way do the articular facets face in the cervical vertebra?

A

upper: up and inward
lower: down and forward

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18
Q

what is the C1 vertebra called?

A

atlas

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19
Q

give some features of the atlas.

A

no vertebral body or spinous process

lateral masses connected by anterior and posterior arch

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20
Q

what is the C2 vertebra called?

A

axis

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21
Q

give some features of the axis.

A

dens=odontoid process=extends superiorly from anterior portion

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22
Q

where are the antlanto-axial joints?

A

medial: anterior arch C1 and dens of axis

2 lateral: inferior articular facets atlas and superior articular facets axis

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23
Q

which cervical vertebra is most prominent?

A

C7-long spinous process with a single point

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24
Q

which vertebrae are the most mobile and why?

A

cervical

curved bodies and shallow articular processes

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25
Q

what movements occur in the cervical vertebra/

A

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation (mainly between atlas and axis)

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26
Q

give some features of the thoracic vertebra.

A

body gets bigger as go down
transverse processes point sideways
spinous processes point down
articular processes almost verticle

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27
Q

where do thoracic vertebra articulate with ribs?

A

end of transverse process and where pedicle meets body

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28
Q

what movements occur in the thoracic vertebra.

A

little movement due to ribs and spinous processes overlap

forward flexion, lateral flexion, rotation

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29
Q

give some features of the lumbar vertebra.

A

big body
small transverse processes,
spinous processes pount backwards
upper articular processes face inwards, lower outwards

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30
Q

what movements occur in the lumbaar vertebrae?

A

almost no rotation

flexion, extension, lateral flexion

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31
Q

where is the sacral promontory?

A

most anterior point

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32
Q

what emerges through the pelvic sacral foramina?

A

anterior rami S1-4

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33
Q

where to the posterior rami emerge in the sacrum?

A

dorsal sacral foramina

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34
Q

where does the vertebral canal end

A

sacral hiatus (upside down V)

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35
Q

describe the composition of the intervertebral discs.

A

concentric rings
anulous fibrosis: tough fibrocartilage on outside
nucleus pulposus: soft centre

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36
Q

where are the interspinous ligaments?

A

lower edge of one spinous process to the upper edge of the next down

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37
Q

where are the supraspinous ligaments?

A

merge with interspinous, runs whole length vertebral column

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38
Q

where is the ligamentum flavum and its function?

A

on front of laminae, moves from one laminae to the next, thich and fibro elastic tissue
limit rotation

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39
Q

where are the anterior longitudinal ligaments and their function?

A

covers side and front of vertebral bodies, runs whole length of column, attached to upper and lower edges of each body. thick
limit extension

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40
Q

where are the posterior longitudinal ligaments and their function/

A

along back of vertebral bodies, widen over each disc

slightly limit flexion

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41
Q

where are the posterior intervertebral joints and their function?

A

between articular processes, surrounded by capsular ligament. prevent vertebra sliping forward

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42
Q

what are the deep paravertebral muscles?

A

short and long rotators

multifidus

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43
Q

what are the superficial paravertebral muscles?

A

lower=erector spinae (spinalis, longissimus thoracis, iliocostalis)
upper=splenius, longissimus, semispinalis

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44
Q

where do the short and long rotators attach?

A

short: base of spinous process to vertebra above
long: same but to next vertebra above

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45
Q

where is the origin and insertions of multifidus?

A

each segment arised from a transverse process
inserts on spinous proces 2-4 vertebra above
whole length of spine

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46
Q

where do the erector spinae originate and insert?

A

origin: lumbar vertebra, sacrum, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
separate out
spinalis: inserts spinous processes thoracic vertebra
longissimus thoracis: inserts lower 9 ribs
iliocostalis lumborum: inserts lower 6 ribs

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47
Q

what are the functions of the erector spinae muscles?

A

keep body upright, lateral flexion

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48
Q

what is the dural sac?

A

sleeve of dura around spinal cord
open at top and passes through foramen magnum and continuous with dura of brain
closed at S2

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49
Q

where is the subarachnoid space?

A

between pia and arachnoid, filled with fluid

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50
Q

where is the epidural space?

A

between dura and wall of vertebral canal

filled with fat, connective tissue and blood vessels

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51
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1

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52
Q

how is the spinal cord attached to the dura?

A

denticulate ligaments (triangular)

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53
Q

where do the spinal nerves arise from/

A

dorsal filaments that unit to form dorsal sensory roots

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54
Q

what do the ventral filaments form?

A

ventral motor root

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55
Q

in which direction do the nerve roots run?

A

cervical region: down and oblique
thoracic: more oblique
lubar and sacral: form cauda equina (run vertical)

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56
Q

which primary ramus is larger-anterior or posterior?

A

ant

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57
Q

which are the largest anterior rami?

A

C5-T1 (brachial plexus)

L1-S3 (lumbar and sacral plexus)

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58
Q

how are the nerves numbered?

A

in cervical region the nerve takes number from vertebra below
from T1 down the nerve takes number from vertebrae above
C8 has no corresponding vertebra

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59
Q

what are the parts of the sternum and which allow movement?

A

manumbrium, body, xiphoid process

some movement between manubrium and body (sternal angle)

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60
Q

which costal cartilage does the manumbrium articulate with?

A

1st

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61
Q

which costal cartilage does the sternal angle articulate with?

A

2nd

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62
Q

which costal cartilages form the costal arch/

A

7th-10th

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63
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

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64
Q

what type of joint iare the costovertebral?

A

synovial

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65
Q

which are the strongest ligaments at the costo vertebral joints?

A

radiate, superior costotransverse

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66
Q

which rib is the broadest?

A

1st

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67
Q

what is the dome of the pleura level with?

A

1st rib, although rises when pressure is raised

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68
Q

what are the 2 layers of pleura and where are they continuous?

A

parietal pleura: lines pleural csvity
visceral pleura: covers lung
hilum of lung

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69
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

thin continuous sheet of muscle

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70
Q

where does the diaphragm originate and insert?

A

inside lower thoracic aperture

sternum, costal arch, 12th rib

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71
Q

where does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm>

A

oesophageal hiatus

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72
Q

where does the IVC pass through the diaphragm>

A

vena caval opening

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73
Q

where does the descending aorta pass through the diaphragm?

A

aortic opening

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74
Q

what are the muscles of inspiration?

A

external intercostals, scalene

75
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the external intercostals?

A

inferior border rib above
superior border rib below
fibres run forward from up to below

76
Q

what is the action o the external intercostals?

A

pull ribs up and forward

77
Q

what is the action of the scalene muscles?

A

raise 1st, 2nd ribs and manubrium in deep inspiration

78
Q

where does the anterior scalene originate and insert?

A

anterior tubercle transverse process C3 to 6

first rib

79
Q

where does the middle scalene originate and insert?

A

posterior tubercle transverse process C2-7

1st rib

80
Q

where does the posterior scalene originate and insert?

A

posterior tubercle C6-7

2nd rib

81
Q

what are the muscles of expiration>

A

internal intercostals, abdominal wall muscles

82
Q

where are the internal intercostals and which direction do their fibres run?

A

beneath external, angle of ribs to intercostal spaces in front
fibres run forward from below upward

83
Q

what is the action of the internal intercostals?

A

move anterior chest wall down and back

84
Q

what are the parts of the thoracic aorta?

A

ascending, arch, descending

85
Q

what is the first branch of the aorta?

A

coronary arteries

86
Q

what are the branches of the aortic arch/

A

braciocephalic trunk: R subclavian and R common carotid
L common carotid
L subclavian

87
Q

where does the internal thoracic artery run?

A

branch of subclavian, runs down anf forward over dome of pleura and behind 1st costal cartilage

88
Q

where do the posterior intercostal arteries branch from

A

descending aorta

89
Q

describe the path of the azygous vein.

A

begins below diaphragm, takes blood from lateral and posterior chest, joins SVC

90
Q

what does the phrenic nerve supply?

A

motor and sensory to diaphragm

91
Q

what is the sympathetic supply for the abdo?

A

splanchnic nerves

92
Q

which nerve to the recurrent laryngeal nerves come from?

A

vagus

93
Q

where does the sympathetic trunk run?

A

alongside vertebral column, from T1 to sacurm

94
Q

what are rami communicantes?

A

connections between sympathetic trunk and anterior rami of spinal nerves

95
Q

where are the intercostal nerves from and what do they supply/

A

direct continuation of anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves
motor innervation to intercostals and sensation to chest wall

96
Q

what is the pecten?

A

sharp upper border of superior ramus ofpubis

97
Q

what is the inguinal ligament?

A

strong tendinous band of tissue from ASIS to pubic tubercle

lowest part of external oblique aponeurosis

98
Q

what encloses the erector spinae muscles?

A

thoracolumbar fascia-arises from spinous processes on back and transverse on front

99
Q

where does quadratus lumborum originate and insert?

A

posterior iliac crest

12th ribs and transverse processes L1-4

100
Q

what are the actions of quadratus lumborum?

A

assists in lateral flexion of the lumbar spine

101
Q

where is psoas major in relation to quadratus lumborum?

A

medial

102
Q

what fibres form the iliopsoas?

A

medial fibres iliacus and lateral fibres psoas majjor

103
Q

what civers the iliopsoas muscle?

A

iliopsoas fascia, and peritoneum

104
Q

where does the rectus abdominus originate and insert?

A

5th-7th costal cartilages, xiphoid process

pubic crest and symphysis

105
Q

what is the rectus abdominus divided by?

A

3/4 tendinous intersections

106
Q

what are the actions of rectus abdominus

A

flexion of lumbar spine (acts in opposition to erector spinae muscles)
static effect: keep lumbar spine straight

107
Q

what is the rectus abdominus enclosed by?

A

aponeurosis: anterior and posterior rectus sheath. anterior is attached to tendinous intersections
2 layers join at the linea alba

108
Q

where doesthe linea alba run?

A

xiphoid process to pubis

109
Q

what are the layers of the flat muscles of the abdomen?

A

innermost=transversus abdominus
internal oblique
external oblique

110
Q

where does the transversus abdominus originate and insert?

A

internal surgace 6th-12th rub, thoracolumbar fascia, inner aspect iliac crest, iliopsoas fascia, lateral inguinal ligament
transversus aponeurosis, fuses with that of interbal oblique

111
Q

which direction do the fibres of transversus abdominus run?

A

transverse

lower run obliquely down

112
Q

where does the internal oblique originate and insert?

A

thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, iliopsoas fascia, lateral inguinal ligament
fans out
highest fibres: lowest 3 ribs
othes: internal oblique aponeurosis

113
Q

which direction do the fibres of internal oblique run?

A

highest fibres run upwards, midle transverse, lowest down

114
Q

what is the arcuate line/

A

below is there the aponeuorsis is only infront of rectus abdominus

115
Q

where does the external oblique originate and insert?

A

external surface 6th-12th ribs (zig zags with serratus anterior)
posterior part=01th-12th ribs: anterior iliac crest, remains fleshy
anterior=6th-9th: lower 3 ribs and external oblique aponeurosis

116
Q

what are the actions of the flat abdominal muscles?

A

increase pressure in abdo cavity pushing diaphragm upwards

when contract individually produce lateral flexion and rotation

117
Q

what lines the abdominal cavity?

A

parietal peroneum

iliopsoas fascia/transversalis fascia

118
Q

what is the inguinal canal for/

A

spermatic cord (male), round ligament (female)

119
Q

what is the lacunar ligament?

A

triangle coming from inguinal ligament, inserts on pecten

120
Q

what is the conjoint tendon?

A

tendinous fibres of transersus and internal oblique

121
Q

where does the inguinal canal begin?

A

deep inguinal ring-arch beneath lower border transversus abdominus

122
Q

where is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

opening in external oblique aponeurosis

123
Q

at what level does the descending aorta become the abdominal aorta/

A

T12

124
Q

what and where is the aortic bifurcation?

A

abdo aorta divides to R and L common iliac

L4

125
Q

at what level does the celiac trunk arise?

A

T12

126
Q

what are the branches of the celiac trunk and what do they supply/

A

common hepatic, L gastric, splenic

live, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, spleen

127
Q

where does the superior mesenteric arise and what does it supply?

A

L1

Li and SI

128
Q

where does the inferior mesenteric artery arise and what does it supply/

A

L3

distal LI

129
Q

where doe the R and L renal arteries arise and what do they supply?

A

below superior mesenteric

kidneys

130
Q

where does the ovarian/testicular artery arise/

A

L2

131
Q

how many lumbar arterues are there, where do they arise and what d they supply/

A

4 pairs
back of aorta
back, spine, abdo wall

132
Q

where does the common iliac artery divide?

A

pelvic brim

133
Q

what branches does the external iliac give off before the inguinal ligament?

A

deep circumflex laterally, inferior epigastric medially

134
Q

what are the veins of the abdominal region/

A

common iliac
renal join IVC at L2
portal vein->liver->hepatic veins->IVC

135
Q

what are the blood vessels of the anterior abdo wall.

A 
superior epigastric (continuation external thoracic)
inferior epigastric (from external iliac0
anastomose i rectus abdominus
136
Q

what is the nerve supply of the lower anterior and lateral abdominal wall?

A

continuation of intercostal nerves from T7 down

137
Q

what supplies the posterior abdominal wall

A

lumbar plexus (T12-L5)

138
Q

what are the autonomic nerves of the abdominal region/

A

vagus, sympathetic trunk, aortic plexus

139
Q

what gives sympathetic sensation to the abdominal viscera?

A

aortic plexus

140
Q

what does the vagus supply in the abdo region?

A

parasympathetic to stomach, LI, SI, plus more

141
Q

what bones make up the cranium?

A

occipital, parietal, temporal , sphenois, frontal

142
Q

what is it called where the fusions of the bones in the cranium are?

A

sutures

143
Q

where does the spinal cord leave the head?

A

foramen magnum

144
Q

what are the muscles of mastication/

A

temporalis, masseter

145
Q

what is the origin and insertion of temporalis?

A

temporal fossa and fascia
coronoid process of mandible
runs under zygomatic arch

146
Q

what is the origin and insertion of masseter muscle?

A

zygomatic arch
angle and ramus of mandible
on side of jaw

147
Q

where does the sternocleidomastoid originate and insert?

A

superior portion of manubrium, medial side of clavicle

mastoid process and lateral superiod nuchal line

148
Q

what are the actions of sternocleidomastoid/

A

neck flexion and rotation

149
Q

where is the temporal mandibular joint?

A

anterior to external ear, inline with C2

150
Q

how can you test te muscles of mastication?

A

clench teeth

151
Q

where is the external occipital protuberance?

A

at back of skull

152
Q

where is the mastoid process prominent?

A

behind ears-posterior to earlobe

153
Q

what attaches at the mastoid process/

A

sternpcleidomastoid, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis

154
Q

where can you palpate C1?

A

move down from occipital prominence into a dip

155
Q

where are the facets relative to the processes in the cervical spine?

A

1.5-2cm lateral

156
Q

how do you palpaye the cervical spine?

A

start at C7 and work up-to differentiate C6 and 7 extend the neck, C6 will disappear and C7 will remain
start at C2 (below occipital protuberance)

157
Q

how can you palpate the thoracic spine?

A

spine of scapula in line with T3
T7/8 in line with inferior aspect scapular
T1-4 at sam elevel of transverse processes which are 2 finger widths latera, T5-6 processes are slightly superior

158
Q

how can you palpate the lumbar spine?

A

iliac crests at L4, transverse processes 2 finger widths latersl

159
Q

where can the tip of the coccyx be palpated?

A

upper part of natal cleft

160
Q

how can sternocleidomastoid be palpated?

A

lying prone, rotate and lift head

161
Q

how can the intercostals be palpted?

A

slow deep breath, feel ribs separate

cant differentiate interncal and external

162
Q

how can you assess external oblique?

A

side crunch-shoulder to opposite hip, external obliques working on the side that goes up (same side as elbow using)

163
Q

how can you assess the internal obliques?

A

side crunch-shoulder to opposite hip. internal obliques on side lower down (side of hip)

164
Q

how can rectus abdominus be palpated?

A

flex abdomen

landmarks: edge of ribs, xiphoid prcess, pubic crest

165
Q

how can quadratus lumborum be palpated?

A

prone on table
bony landmarks: 12th rib, posterior iliac crest, transverse processes lmbar vertebrae
palpate while lifting hip towards shoulder-hip hitch
repeat on side

166
Q

where can you palpate the first rib/

A

fins C7, move lteral to bony prominence=posterior portion

anterior portion: sternocleidomastoid, follow down to bony prominence

167
Q

how can erector spinae be palpated

A

lying on fron tand raise feet, can see muscls contract to stabilise pelvis=lower fibres
for upper fibres arch back
bony landmarks: spinous processes thoracic and lumbar vertebra

168
Q

what muscles make up the spinotransversales?

A

splenius capitis, splenius cervicis

169
Q

what are the actions of spinotransversales?

A

rotate the head, extend head and neck

170
Q

where does splenius capitis originate and insert?

A

lower ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes C7-T3/4

mastoid process and occipital bone

171
Q

where does splenius cervicis originate and insert?

A

spinous processes T3-6

transverse processes C1-3/4

172
Q

which are the 3 main muscles making up transversospinalis/

A

semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores

173
Q

which muscles make up the posterior abdominal wall/

A

iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor, quadratus lumborum, diaphragm

174
Q

what are the vertebral ligaments present throughout the vertebral column?

A

anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal,, ligamentum flavum, interspinous, supraspinous, intertransverse

175
Q

which ligaments are unique to the cervical vertebrae?

A

nuchal ligament (continuation of supraspinous), transverse ligament of atlas (between lateral masses)

176
Q

what ligaments are unique to the thoracic spine/

A

radiate ligament of head of rib, costotransverse, lateral costotransverse, superior costotransverse

177
Q

where is the radiate ligament of heead of rib?

A

rib to bodies of 2 vertebra and disc

178
Q

where is the costotransverse ligament?

A

neck of rib to transverse process

179
Q

where is the lateral costotransverse ligament?

A

transverse process to tubercle of rib

180
Q

where is the superior costotransverse ligament?

A

neck ot rib to transverse process of superior vertebra

181
Q

what are the ligaments unique to the lumbar spine?

A

iliolumbar: transverse process L5 to ilia of pelvis

182
Q

what are the names for the different curves of the spine?

A

c-shaped curves of the neck (cervical spine) and lower back (lumbar spine) are called lordosis.
The reverse c-shaped curve of the chest (thoracic spine) is called kyphosis

183
Q

how can the scalene muscles be palpated?

A

come backwards off sternocleidomastoid, scalenes in the posterior triangle

Sports injury anatomy (8 decks)

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