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Sports injury anatomy > neck radiology > Flashcards

neck radiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are some landmarks and corresponding vertebrae on the back?

A

C7=prominent
T3=spine of scapula
T7=inferior angle of scapula
L4=iliac crest

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2
Q

what causes whiplash and treatment?

A 
acceleeration-deceleration injury
now called whiplash associated disorders
no structural pathology
rest, analgesia, early physical therapy
acute=full recovery, chronic=residucal long term pain, disability
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3
Q

what should you look for in a normal cervical spine XR?

A

anterior vertebral body line, posterior vertebral body line, distance between C1 and odontoid less than 5mm, look at distance between airway and vertebral bodies-step at C5 to further away

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4
Q

what does neck muscle spasm look like on XR?

A

striaght-loss of lordosis

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5
Q

how does facet joint dislcoation present on XR?

A

often in contact sports
can have bifacet or unifacet (small movement can cause bifacet and spinal cord injury)
comes over front of one below and not behind, 25% slip in vertebral body
AP view: rotation
use CT for more detail

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6
Q

what is a jefferson fracture?

A

C1 burst fracture, caused by axial loading, fractures on anterior and posterior arch

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7
Q

what causes a lateral mass fracture of C1?

A

axial loading and rotation

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8
Q

what causes and anterior or psoterior arch fracture C1?

A

axial loading and flexion or extension

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9
Q

how can odontoid peg fracture be viewed and tx/

A

open mouth and XR through
worse if at base
collar, halo, internal fixation

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10
Q

common MOI cervical facet dislocation?

A

flexion-distraction

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11
Q

what happens in a stinger injury?

A

brachial plexus stretched, tingling and burning down arm

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12
Q

where is M in brachial plexus?

A

in front of axillary artery

musculocutaneos latera, median middle, ulnar medial

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13
Q

what can cause intervertrbal disc degeneration?

A

dehydration as age, begin to crack

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14
Q

what is an intervertebral disc prolapse?

A

bulges out

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15
Q

what is intervertrbal disk extrusion?

A

nucleus prolapses thriguh

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16
Q

what is intervertrbal disc sequestration?

A

nucleus prolapses into spinal cord

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17
Q

what is clay shovelers fractures?

A

fracture of spinous process

repetitive flexion extension

18
Q

what is a teardrop fracture?

A

fracture anterior cervical spine

damage of ligaments, often unstable

19
Q

what is hangmans fracture?

A

neck pulled up and away, fractue of upper cervical spine

20
Q

when does disc degeneration cause nerve root compression?

A

if goes sideaways into root

21
Q

what sport is cervical intervertebral disc degeneration common in?

A

rugby, others that require pwerful necks

22
Q

what can be seen on XR in cervical intervertebral disc degeneration

A

more angulat, osteophytes (syndesmaphytes in spine)-can cause problems with swallowing or impact spinal cord and nerve roots

23
Q

what is spinal shock

A

injury to spinal cord, goes into complete paralysis, often resolves. means cant determine if complete injury and wont recover or incomplete-some recovery untiul spinal shock ended

24
Q

what is bulbocavernosus reflex?

A

S2-4: roots tug on urinary catheter causes reflex contraction of anal sphincter
if intact then spinal shock has ended

25
Q

what are some common thoracolumbar spine injuries?

A

chronic overuse: anterior (intervertebral disc degeneration, cauda equina syndrome), posterior (spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, berlottis syndrome)
high energy: fractures, spinal cord injury

26
Q

what age does thoracolumbar intervertebral disc degeneration occur?

A

30-50 in recreational athletes

20-35 in elite

27
Q

what is the presentation and cause of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc degeneration/

A

repetitive compression with torsion (tennis, golf, skiing, snowboarding)
back pain: annulus tear
leg pain: herniation of disc

28
Q

what is the cause and presentation and mx cauda equina syndrome?

A

disc comrpessing cauda equina
bladder and bowel affected, loss of anal tone, loss of peri-anal sensation, pain, loss of myotomal power, loss dermatomal sensation, loss reflexes
MRI and theatre

29
Q

what is spondylolysis, cause and imaging?

A

stress reaction of pars interarticularis fravture
due to combined flexion, extension and rotation against resistance
80% bilateral, L5 most common, then L4
higher incidence in athletes-throwing sports, gymnasts, rowing
XR: rotated view=scottie dog sign, fracture is on collar

30
Q

what is spondylolisthesis and imaging>

A

when spondylolysis starts to move becomes spondylolisthesis
can see on lateral view on XR
MRI: effect on nerve root, usually effects root above

31
Q

what is berollis syndrome?

A

congenital anomaly between the transverse processes and L5 and sacrum-fused together
causes back pain, hyperextension=irritation of pseudoarticulation, increased rate L4/5 problems
XR: transverse process L5 attached to sacrum

32
Q

which sports commonly cause high energy thoracolumbar spine fractures?

A

horse riding, snowboarding , paragliding

33
Q

where to high energy thoracolumbar spine fractures commonly occur?

A

thoracolumbar junction: T11-L2

may injure spinal cord too

34
Q

what are the different types of high energy thoracolumbar spine fracture?

A

simple fracture: posterior part of vertebral body is intact so stable
burst fracture: fragments pushed in all directions
retropulsed fragment: in burst fracture, goes back, needs reducing and fixed

35
Q

what imagin can be used to see the spinal cord?

A

MRI: look for signal, increased suggests damaged

36
Q

what are the features of spinal cord injury at C4?

A

quadriplegia (paralysis from neck down)/tetraplegia

37
Q

what are the features of spinal cord injury at C6?

A

partial paralysis of hands, arms and lower body

38
Q

what are the features of spinal cord injury at T6?

A

paraplegia (cant move lower half of body), paralysis below chest

39
Q

what is the dermatome supply to nipple and umbilicus?

A

T4

T10

40
Q

what are the nerve supplies to the reflexes: triceps, brachioradialis/biceps, patella, ankle?

A

C6-7
C5-6
L2-4
S1

Sports injury anatomy (8 decks)

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