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Semester 2-PP > Session 3-Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Session 3-Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Define chronic inflammation

A

Chronic response to injury with associated fibrosis

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2
Q

How does chronic inflammation arise? (3)

A

1) may ‘take over’ from acute inflammation
2) may arise de novo
3) may develop alongside acute inflammation

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3
Q

What does chronic inflammation look like?

A

Depends on which type of cells are present

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4
Q

Which cells are associated with chronic inflammation? (5)

A

1) macrophages
2) lymphocytes
3) plasma cells
4) eosinophils
5) fibroblasts/myofibroblasts

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5
Q

True or false: macrophages in bone marrow are called monocytes

A

TRUE

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6
Q

What are the functions of macrophages? (4)

A

1) phagocytosis
2) presentation of antigen to immune system
3) synthesis of cytokines, complement proteins, blood clotting factors and proteases
4) control of other cells by cytokine release

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7
Q

What are lymphocytes sometimes called?

A

Chronic inflammatory cells

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8
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes? (2)

A

1) B lymphocytes-differentiate to produce antibodies

2) T lymphocytes-control and cytotoxic functions

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9
Q

What do plasma cells do in the chronic inflammatory response?

A

They are differentiated antibody-producing B lymphocytes

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10
Q

What are eosinophils associated with?

A

Allergic reactions
Parasite infestations
Tumours

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11
Q

Which cells recruit fibroblasts/myofibroblasts?

A

Macrophages

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12
Q

What is the likely cause of infection if the following cells are present in abundance:

1) neutrophils
2) lymphocytes
3) eosinophils

A

1) bacterial
2) viral
3) parasitic

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13
Q

What are ‘giant’ cells?

A

Multinucleate cells made by fusion of macrophages when phagocytosis cannot occur

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14
Q

What are the different types of giant cells? (3)

A

1) Langhans
2) foreign body type
3) Touton

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15
Q

Which giant cell is commonly present in tuberculosis?

A

Langhans

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of foreign body type giant cells?

A

Multiple, irregular aggregates of nuclei with foreign material within the cell

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17
Q

In which type of necrosis can Touton giant cells be seen?

A

Fat necrosis

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18
Q

Which cell type is mainly present in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Plasma cells

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19
Q

Which type of cell is mainly seen in chronic gastritis?

A

Lymphocytes

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20
Q

Which type of cell is mainly seen Leishmaniasis (protozoal infection)?

A

Macrophages

21
Q

What are the effects of chronic inflammation? (4)

A

1) fibrosis
2) impaired function
3) atrophy
4) stimulation of immune response

22
Q

What is chronic cholecystitis? (3)

A

1) Repeated obstruction by gall stones
2) Repeated acute inflammation leads to chronic inflammation
3) Fibrosis of gall bladder wall

23
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic cholecystitis?

A

Pain

Occasionally jaundice

24
Q

Which disease leads to impaired function as a consequence of chronic inflammation?

A

Inflammatory bowel disease

25
Q

True or false: inflammatory bowel disease occurs due to repeated attacks of acute and chronic inflammation

A

TRUE

26
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Idiopathic inflammatory disease affecting large and small bowel

27
Q

What are the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Diarrhoea
Rectal bleeding (mucosal damage leads to ulcers -> bleeding)
Weight loss

28
Q

What are two types of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

1) Ulcerative colitis

2) Crohn’s disease

29
Q

Complete the sentence:

Ulcerative colitis is superficial, meaning it affects ________ and not deeper tissue.

A

Mucosa

30
Q

Complete the sentence:

Crohn’s disease affects mucosa, submucosa, muscularis _______ and adventitia and this is makes the disease ____________.

A

Propria

Transmural

31
Q

What are the symptoms of ulcerative colitis?

A

Diarrhoea

Bleeding

32
Q

What are the characteristics of Crohn’s disease? (2)

A

1) Strictures (narrowing)

2) fistulae

33
Q

What are fistulae?

A

Abnormal connections between two epithelium-lined organs

34
Q

Which condition leads to fibrosis and impaired function?

A

Cirrhosis

35
Q

What are the common causes of cirrhosis? (5)

A

1) alcohol
2) infection
3) immunological
4) fatty liver disease
5) drugs and toxins

36
Q

In which condition does chronic inflammation enhance function?

A

Thyrotoxicosis - Graves’ disease

37
Q

In which condition does chronic inflammation lead to atrophy?

A

Atropic gastritis (pernicious anaemia)

38
Q

True or false: immune diseases cause pathology by chronic inflammation

A

TRUE

39
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation?

A

Chronic inflammation with granulomas

40
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Group of macrophages and lymphocytes which stick together

41
Q

What are histiocytes?

A

Macrophages

42
Q

What do granulomas arise with?

A

Persistent, low-grade antigenic stimulation

Hypersensitivity

43
Q

What are the main causes of granulomatous inflammation? (2)

A

1) mildly irritant foreign material

2) infections (TB, leprosy)

44
Q

How does mycobacteria cause disease?

A

By persistence and induction of cell-mediated immunity

45
Q

Which type of necrosis is seen in tuberculosis?

A

Caseous necrosis

46
Q

True or false: BCG is used as immunisation against tuberculosis

A

TRUE

47
Q

Which granulomatous diseases have unknown causes? (3)

A

1) sarcoidosis
2) Crohn’s disease
3) Wegener’s granulomatosis

48
Q

Where do sarcoid granulomas occur?

A

Lymph node

Semester 2-PP (13 decks)

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