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Cardiovascular System > Session 3 > Flashcards

Session 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atrial septal defect (ASD)?

A

An opening in the septum between the two atria of the heart

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2
Q

What causes an atrial septal defect?

A

Failure of the foramen ovals to close after birth or an abnormal communication

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3
Q

What is ostium primum ASD?

A

An atrial septal defect in the inferior part of the atrial septum

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4
Q

What is ostium secundum ASD?

A

An atrial septal defect caused by a failure of the foramen ovale to close

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5
Q

What is a patent foramen ovale?

A

A form of ASD where the foramen ovale is present, usually as a flap valve which closes the hole in the septum due to the pressure difference between the atria

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6
Q

What is a paradoxical embolism?

A

An embolism which moves from the venous circulation into the arterial circulation via an atrial septal defect, usually a patent foramen ovale

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7
Q

What is a ventricular septal defect (VSD)?

A

AN opening in the interventricular septum

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8
Q

What is the most common site of a VSD?

A

The membranous portion of the interventricular septum

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9
Q

What is a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

A

Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth so blood can flow directly from the aorta to the pulmonary artery

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10
Q

Why is a mechanical murmur heard constantly in patients with. PDA?

A

Aortic pressure is always higher than pressure in the pulmonary artery so blood moves constantly from the aorta into the pulmonary artery causing a murmur

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11
Q

What can chronic left to right shunting to lead to?

A
  • Vascular remodelling of the pulmonary circulation and increased pulmonary resistance
  • If pulmonary circulation pressure rises above systemic circulation pressure direction of shunting will reverse
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12
Q

What is Eisenmenger syndrome?

A

Reverse in the direction of shunting in the heart when pulmonary pressure rises above systemic pressure

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13
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

Narrowing of the aortic lumen in the region of the ligamentum arteriosum

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14
Q

What can coarctation of the aorta like lead to?

A
  • Left ventricular hypertrophy due to increased after load on the left ventricle
  • Femoral pulse is usually weak and delayed due to reduced blood flow
  • Usually upper body hypertension as vessels to the upper limbs and head often emerge proximal to the coarctation
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15
Q

What is a cyanotic heart defect?

A

A defect which causes reduced oxygen concentration in the blood

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16
Q

What is tetralogy of fallot?

A

A group of 4 lesions occurring together as a result of a developmental defect placing the outflow portion of the intraventricular septum too far in the anterior and cephalad directions

  • VSD
  • Overriding aorta
  • Pulmonary stenosis
  • Right ventricular hypertrophy
17
Q

What causes cyanosis in tetralogy of fallot?

A

VSD and overriding aorta cause right to left shunting

18
Q

What determines the magnitude of shunting and level of severity of tetralogy of fallot?

A

The severity of pulmonary stenosis

19
Q

What is tricuspid artesia?

A

Lack of development of the tricuspid valve leaving no inlet to the right ventricle

20
Q

What must patients with tricuspid atresia also have in order to survive?

A
  • Complete right to left shunting of all blood returning to the right atrium (ASD or PFO)
  • VSD or PDA to allow blood flow to the lungs
21
Q

What is transposition of the great arteries?

A

Right ventricle is connected to the aorta and the left ventricle is connected to the pulmonary artery resulting in 2 unconnected parallel circuits

22
Q

How can transposition of the great arteries become compatible with life?

A

A shunt must be present to allow communication between the two circulations: patent ductus arteriosus and/or an atrial septal defect

23
Q

What is hypoplastic left heart?

A

Failure of the left ventricle and ascending aorta to develop

24
Q

What must be present for a hypoplastic left heart to be compatible with life?

A

A patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect and a patent ductus arteriosus

25
Q

What are acyanotic heart defects?

A

Heart defects which don’t result in lower than normal oxygen concentration in the blood

Cardiovascular System (10 decks)

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