Session 22 (Global demography and economic growth.) Flashcards
Stage 1 of the demographic transition model
Total population is low and balanced due to high birth rates and high death rates ( eg. Afghanistan, Uganda)
Stage 2 of the demographic transition model
Total Population rises as death rates fall due to improvements in health. (eg. Ghana, Guatemala)
Stage 3 of the demographic transition model
The gap between the birth and death rate narrows due to availability of contraception and less need for child labor due to improving economic conditions. (India, Brazil)
Stage 4 of the demographic transition model
Total population is high but balanced by low birth rate and low death rate. ( USA, UK)
Stage 5 of the demographic transition model
Total population is high but slowly declining due to aging population. (eg. Japan, Germany)
COP29: New collective quantified goal (NCQG)
The richest countries provide 100 billion and include emerging countries
Externality
Cost or benefit to a third party who has no control over how the cost or benefit was created.
Greenhouse Gas Externality
Effects falling on future generations and people living in developing countries.
COP 27
pivoted around the question of cumulative emission and ‘fair share’.
COP 28,29
Allegations of oil-and-gas influence and greenwashing
Paris Climate conference
First ever legal binding global deal
The Paris Climate Agreement
1) Keep warming below 2 degrees
2) 100 Billion from the riches countries ( to be updated in 2025)
3) Developed countries must take the lead in GHG reductions and Developing countries must enhance their efforts
4) Aim for GHG edmissions to peak as soon as possible, from 2050 radip reductions to achieve balance in edmissions.
Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC/INDC)
Countries official submissions of climate actions they
intend or already take under the Paris agreement.
3.4 C of warming will cause…
- Sea level rise by 1m this century
- 7.4% increase of land in drought
- Desertification of the Amazon
- Doubling wildfire damage
- 17 % reduction to access to fresh water
- Hurricanes increase
- 1-52% of plant and animal species committed to extinction
Goal 1:
Fossil Fuel emissions
- Decrease 8%
Goal 2:
Prevent deforestation and promote afforestation
Goal 3
Climate finance (100 Billion per year)
State of Climate Action Report 2023
- Only 1 of 42 indicators is on track to reach its 2030 target. That sector is electric vehicles.
1.5 C - What do we need to do ?
- kill fossil Fuels
- A new Industrial Revolution
- Agricultural revolution
- Geoengineering
- Kill fossil Fuels
Global oil demand continues, however, oil and coal production peaked in 2023.
- A New Industrial Revolution
Decarbonising industrial processes by reducing cement
Why does Cement emit more CO2?
Limestone (CaCO3) is “calcinated” at high temperatures in a cement
kiln to produce lime (CaO). CO2 is a byproduct
- Agricultural Revolution
Land can be a carbon sink or source, depending on its use.
Reforestation casues a carbon
Sink
